Firms may hire additional staff to advance
CSR through affirmative action, improved labor relations, and community outreach. Existing employees also may be asked to promote
these efforts. At the 1997 Philadelphia
"summit" on voluntarism, sponsored by President Clinton and Colin Powell, numerous companies pledged to dedicate additional human resources to CSR activities. Many large firms have entire departments devoted to CSR concerns. The costs of personnel devoted to CSR and additional CSR-related benefits provided to workers increase the overall labor costs of firms. However, human resources may also generate economies of scale, because they represent a fixed cost that can be amortized over numerous units of output.