1. Pupal mesothorax laterally swollen. This appears unique to Rho-palocera including Hedylidae, and is universal in Rhopalocera.
2. Silken girdle supporting pupa: developed a few times in Lepi-doptera in general (Elachistinae in Gelechioidea, Cyclophorini
in Geometridae). A ‘groundplan’ character for Rhopalocera,retained even in some Hesperiidae that pupate internally in
a cocoon. Reversed and thus absent in Nymphalidae and someLycaenidae (e.g. Scott and Wright, 1990).