However,the practical application of pure Pd membranes is limited due to the Pd–Hydrogen system exhibiting two distinct immiscible α (interstitial hydrogensolidsolution,
To298 1C) and β (palladium hydride) phases.Transition between
the α and β phases is accompanied by a volume increase of 10%,
which results in lattice distortion,the formation of high internal
stresses, deformation,and ultimately failure of the membrane
[1,2].