• Jayavarman must have known that political chaos and incessant warfare had contributed to the region's weakness, and had brought about his own capture and exile to Java. At the same time, he might have been discouraged by the fact that many small principalities still lay unconquered to the north of the escarpment (that today marks the northern frontier of Cambodia). Unceasing warfare seemed still to surround him. We don't know who got the word first whether it was Jayavarman II or Sivakaivalya, or some other among the young king's advisors. But some among them heard that there was some learned man away off in the extreme northeast. That man was called Hiranadama- literally "Silver Arrow but we might refer to him as "Silver Bullet," after the ordnance used to slay malevolent creatures. "Silver Bullet" was offering such magic at what price we do not know. He offered to teach Jayavarman ll's chaplain some secret magic incantations that would make the king superior to all other kings on earth, including even the rulers of Java. This would have amounted to a break. through, and Jayavarman could hardly resist. A meeting was arranged for the summit of Phnom Kulen, just north of the location of Angkor At the appointed time, Hiranadama arrived, probably alone from Janapada, far away in the northeast. As a later inscription explains, He brought in his head, but not in his hands, four texts, the contents of which he taught for the memorization of Sivakaivalya. We might imagine that he recited these aloud, line by line, until the chaplain had memorized their whole. We might imagine that, at the same time, Sivakaivalya consecrated a small, portable bronze image that was to be the repository of the chants' words. And we are later told that wherever the king and his successors went, there the image (and the chants) went also We are never told that, when all was finished, "Silver Bullet returned to Janapada. Nor are we told that received any gift or payment for his services. We are left to conclude that, when the ceremony was concluding "Silver Bullet" was killed. The manuscripts on which he had based his work disappeared, one of which was discovered by Teun Goudriaan only in the 1970s. The significance of what "Silver Bullet" did is that he seems to have inaugurated the formalities which made a king into a devaraja. And the importance of the devaraja idea is that it augmented a widespread cultural pattern in Southeast Asia which exaggerated the concept of royalty, making it possible to have only one "king" per realm, just as a family could have only one head, and even twins could not be equals and one had to be senior to the other.
The other surprising thing about "Silver Bullet" and Janapada has to do with where this devaraja ceremony took place. Recent research shows not only that the Phnom Kulen mountain top was among other things a Buddhist site which had been consecrated for such rituals as ordinations, but also that the boundary stones implanted to delimit such ceremonies were very similar to such boundary stones (sima) as those known from Muang Fa Det in Kamalasai district of Kalasin province.
WHY MIGHT the Phnom Kulen boundary stones have been like the Muang Fa Det stones? The most logical way of explaining this is to suggest that both were o important overland trading and communications routes. In this case, it might be equally interesting to see whether the concept of the demaraja was moving along these routes as well as the sculpting and statuary of Buddhist boundary stones. As we move in time down to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, let's look for these. Under ordinary circumstances, we would naturally divide history into "national" units; and the "Silver Bullet" story related above would be considered as a natural part of the f Cambodia- or earlier, as part of the history of the history o when we include the kingdom of Angkor. But what happens Muang Fa Det element? We might suppose that the episode does not become a part of the history of Thailand until the Kamalasai area becomes a part of Thailand, after about 1777 This still is not a very satisfactory solution. There is a better way of thinking about it. We might begin by thinking of the various ways in which different activities defined "zones" into which the landscape might have been divided. We might begin with economic exchanges, moving imported luxuries as well as imported ideas and fashions from the region at the head of the Gulf of Siam in northerly and northeasterly directions, travers- ing the Khorat Plateau and the in region, and converging on the Nakhon Phanom region. Gathering also the ceramics of the Songkhram River basin, traders went from there across the Mekong and up the Ca Dinh River to the Mu Gia Pass over the mountains to the Vinh area of central Vietnam. Salt and dried fish might also have been traded along this route, as also some metals (copper and tin), medicinals, and aromatic woods. It is important imagine this middle Mekong region not as some empty space in between more active and economically rich areas, but as a region rich and important in its own right. After all, though some people might have profited from the car drying trade, moving commodities from one region to another, empty regions were not going to be major importers of religious ideas or builders of important religious monuments, the ruins of which dot the entire region. Once we have in mind a more richly-textured image of the central portions of Indochina, including the Khorat Plateau, we are in a better position to imagine the movement of imported religious ideas, and art, and social organization. All three of these elements are pointed to by the Muang Fa Dat and the Phnom Kulen sculptures. This was not simply a Khmer, or a Thai, or a Lao, zone. There were Vietnamese and Chinese, Mon and Indians, and numerous other ethnic groups present. So long as there were incentives for people to move about, then people-both men and women were moving, and in the process their movement was enriching the life of the region.
•วรมันต้องได้รู้จักกันว่า ความวุ่นวายทางการเมืองและสงคราม incessant มีส่วนจุดอ่อนของภูมิภาค และได้นำเกี่ยวกับตนจับและถูกเนรเทศไป Java ในเวลาเดียวกัน เขาอาจได้รับกำลังใจความจริงที่ว่า ราชรัฐเล็ก ๆ จำนวนมากยังคงวาง unconquered ทางเหนือของ escarpment (ที่ทำเครื่องหมายชายแดนภาคเหนือของประเทศกัมพูชาปัจจุบัน) Unceasing สงครามดูเหมือนยังคงล้อมรอบเขา เราไม่ทราบที่มีคำแรกว่าวรมัน II หรือ Sivakaivalya หรือบางอื่น ๆ ระหว่างปรึกษายุวกษัตริย์ แต่บางคนในพวกเขาได้ยินว่า มีบางคนที่เรียนรู้ไปปิดในภาคอีสานมาก ว่า คนเรียกว่า Hiranadama - อักษร "ศรเงินแต่อาจหมายถึงเขาเป็น"กระสุนซิลเวอร์ หลังจากสรรพาวุธที่ใช้ในการฆ่าสิ่งมีชีวิตซึ่งคิดร้ายได้" เงินย่อย"ถูกนำเสนอมายากลที่เราไม่ทราบว่าราคาดังกล่าว เขาเสนอให้สอนชาววรมันจะบาง incantations วิเศษความลับที่จะทำให้กษัตริย์เหนือกว่ากษัตริย์อื่นทั้งหมดบนโลก รวมถึงแม้แต่ไม้บรรทัดของ Java นี้จะได้มีการหยุดพัก ถึง และวรมันอาจต่อต้านไม่ การประชุมถูกจัดยอด Phnom Kulen รื่นรมย์ที่ตั้งของนครที่เวลาพัก Hiranadama มา คงคนเดียวจาก Janapada ห่างไกลในภาคอีสาน เป็นจารึกหลังอธิบาย เขามา ในหัวของเขา แต่ไม่ได้อยู่ ในมือของเขา 4 ข้อ เนื้อหาที่เขาสอนการสะท้อนของ Sivakaivalya เราอาจจินตนาการว่า เขาอัลเหล่านี้ออกเสียง บรรทัด จนกว่าอนุศาสนาจารย์ที่มีภาพทั้งหมดของพวกเขา เราอาจจินตนาการว่า ในเวลาเดียวกัน Sivakaivalya อุทิศขนาดเล็ก พกพารูปปั้นทองเหลืองรูปที่ต้อง เก็บคำของ chants และเราจะบอกในภายหลังว่า ทุกที่ที่พระมหากษัตริย์และผู้สืบทอดของเขาได้ มีภาพ (และ chants) ไปยังไม่เคยบอกว่า ที่ เมื่อทั้งหมดเสร็จสิ้น "กระสุนเงินกลับไป Janapada ไม่มีเราบอกว่า ที่ได้รับของขวัญหรือสำหรับการชำระเงินใด ๆ เราถูกปล่อยเพื่อสรุปที่ เมื่อพิธีไม่จบ "กระสุนเงิน" ถูกฆ่า เป็นที่ซึ่งเขาได้ตามงานของเขาหายไป หนึ่งซึ่งค้นพบ โดย Teun Goudriaan ในปี 1970 ความสำคัญของ "เงินสัญลักษณ์" ไม่ได้ว่า เขาน่าจะมีแห่งพิธีการซึ่งกษัตริย์เป็น devaraja เป็น และความสำคัญของความคิดของ devaraja คือมันออกเมนต์รูปแบบวัฒนธรรมที่แพร่หลายในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ซึ่งแนวคิดของรอยัลตี้ ทำไปได้เพียง "กษัตริย์" ต่อแดน ครอบครัวอาจมีหัวเดียว ปรับสมดุลของแสง และฝาแฝดแม้ไม่เท่ากับหนึ่งได้เป็นผู้ให้อื่น ๆน่าแปลกใจสิ่งอื่น ๆ เกี่ยวกับ "กระสุนเงิน" และ Janapada ได้ที่นี้พิธี devaraja เอาสถาน การวิจัยล่าสุดแสดงไม่เพียงแต่ที่ยอดเขา Phnom Kulen เป็นต่าง ๆ เว็บไซต์พุทธศาสนาที่มีการอุทิศในพิธีกรรมดังกล่าวเป็น ordinations แต่ว่า หินขอบ implanted เพื่อกำหนดเขตพิธีดังกล่าวได้คล้ายเช่นหินขอบ (สีมา) เป็นที่รู้จักจากเมืองฟ้าเดชจังหวัดอำเภอกาฬสินธุ์กมลาไสยWHY MIGHT the Phnom Kulen boundary stones have been like the Muang Fa Det stones? The most logical way of explaining this is to suggest that both were o important overland trading and communications routes. In this case, it might be equally interesting to see whether the concept of the demaraja was moving along these routes as well as the sculpting and statuary of Buddhist boundary stones. As we move in time down to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, let's look for these. Under ordinary circumstances, we would naturally divide history into "national" units; and the "Silver Bullet" story related above would be considered as a natural part of the f Cambodia- or earlier, as part of the history of the history o when we include the kingdom of Angkor. But what happens Muang Fa Det element? We might suppose that the episode does not become a part of the history of Thailand until the Kamalasai area becomes a part of Thailand, after about 1777 This still is not a very satisfactory solution. There is a better way of thinking about it. We might begin by thinking of the various ways in which different activities defined "zones" into which the landscape might have been divided. We might begin with economic exchanges, moving imported luxuries as well as imported ideas and fashions from the region at the head of the Gulf of Siam in northerly and northeasterly directions, travers- ing the Khorat Plateau and the in region, and converging on the Nakhon Phanom region. Gathering also the ceramics of the Songkhram River basin, traders went from there across the Mekong and up the Ca Dinh River to the Mu Gia Pass over the mountains to the Vinh area of central Vietnam. Salt and dried fish might also have been traded along this route, as also some metals (copper and tin), medicinals, and aromatic woods. It is important imagine this middle Mekong region not as some empty space in between more active and economically rich areas, but as a region rich and important in its own right. After all, though some people might have profited from the car drying trade, moving commodities from one region to another, empty regions were not going to be major importers of religious ideas or builders of important religious monuments, the ruins of which dot the entire region. Once we have in mind a more richly-textured image of the central portions of Indochina, including the Khorat Plateau, we are in a better position to imagine the movement of imported religious ideas, and art, and social organization. All three of these elements are pointed to by the Muang Fa Dat and the Phnom Kulen sculptures. This was not simply a Khmer, or a Thai, or a Lao, zone. There were Vietnamese and Chinese, Mon and Indians, and numerous other ethnic groups present. So long as there were incentives for people to move about, then people-both men and women were moving, and in the process their movement was enriching the life of the region.
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