The ILO (2002) describes how globalisation has provided an enormous impretus to the growth of HPWPs. The movement of goods and the factors of production between countries has been the result of the increasingly open markets to world trade. The impact has been a succession of countries offering cheap goods as they take advantage of their supplies of cheap labour. The tendency is for these countries to move up the value chain and to be replaced by other eg East Asia countries were followed by Thailand and Indonesia and now replaced by China and Eastern Europe. So the intensification of competition can be seen to be one factor influencing the spread of HPWPs.