From the assumptions underlying a CATLM, it is possible to derive cognitive principles of instructional design. For example, using non-interactive multimodal environments we have found empirical support for the following set of principles: verbal information should be presented in the auditory modality alone modality and verbal redundancy principles explanations should be presented using a conversational style-personalization principle verbal and non-verbal information need to be synchronized in time and space temporal contiguity and spatial contiguity principles, respectively information that is not necessary to make a lesson intelligible and redundant information should be excluded coherence and redundancy principles, respectively