The high CEC is also indicative of greater water-holding capacity and slow release of water/nutrients once it is mixed and activated with soil. It holds 20 mL of water per 100 g of SBE while soil mixed with composted SBE (50:50) can hold up to 140 mL of water (Table 4). The resulting bio organic material thus has a slow release property in managing the controlled-released efficiency of nutrients and water in soil–fertilizer interaction. This is because the transformed SBE tends to entrap/encapsulate volatile nutrient elements (such as N) and then releases them slowly into the soil it is applied to. An optimal C:N ratio ranged 9–21 in SBE-formulated bio organic fertilizer was achieved approaching C:N ratio for adequate microbial soil function, thus shows evident that it contributes to plant nutrition when applied to the soil, and that it is superior to other commercial organic fertilizers (Fig. 1) in terms of biological decomposition of organic residue and bioavailability of C, N and P.