However, in residential applications,most research is focused
on the module-integrated converters where the energy generated
by a single PV module is transferred to the grid by a dedicated
converter integrated with the PV module [3]. Some of the main
advantages of this PV generation structure are the modularity,
allowing an easy increase of the installed power, the individual
MPPT and reduction of the partial shading and panel mismatching
effects, thus improving the energy-harvesting capability.
However, there are some design challenges in an ac module
structure as the efficiency improvement, cost reduction, and the
reliable operation throughout the module lifetime. An alternative
for the ac module implementation is a two-stage topology
as presented in Fig. 1. The operation with high efficiency is a
problem for the dc–dc converter due to the low input voltage,
high input current, high output voltage, and static gain.