Individuals often hold theories about the way the world works that contrast with current scientific thinking; that is, the theories are considered nonscientific by practicing scientists. Teachers have been well informed by researchers (and by
their own experience) that students often have incomplete or inaccurate prior knowledge that interferes with their ability to learn scientific concepts. As a result, it is known that students of all ages (elementary, secondary, and undergraduate)
can have alternative conceptions in all areas of science. In recent years, research has focused on identifying and characterizing students’ understanding and difficulties about many science topics in science education students in the experimental group performed better with respect to solution concepts. In addition, it has been found that there was no significant difference between the attitudes of students in the
experimental and control groups towards chemistry.