Age-Associated Renal Insufficiency
Renal function declines with age even in the absence of clinically recognized disease.12 In persons with underlying conditions, such as diabetes mellitus13 or hypertension,14 the decline may be more pronounced. In addition to the exocrine function, the kidney is the major source of erythropoietin, and although not directly linear, erythropoietin production is known to be less than adequate in patients with renal insufficiency,15 accounting in large part for the anemia associated with kidney failure. Under normal circumstances, erythropoietin levels increase with advancing age.16 However, for subjects with a history of diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension, the age-associated rise in erythropoietin is either significantly less, or not existent, and hemoglobin levels for these individuals decline in later years.16 In fact, erythropoietin levels have been shown to be less than expected in the larger group of elderly individuals who meet criteria for UA, and this occurs even in the absence of clinically evident renal exocrine insufficiency.17–20 Among the very oldest, particularly those who meet criteria for frailty, anemia occurs in 50% to 85%21–23 and in this group renal insufficiency is more apparent. For example, in a recently reported survey of 6,220 nursing home residents, 43% were found to have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, supporting the notion that chronic renal insufficiency is a major contributor to the high prevalence of anemia in that setting.23
Age-Associated Renal Insufficiency
Renal function declines with age even in the absence of clinically recognized disease.12 In persons with underlying conditions, such as diabetes mellitus13 or hypertension,14 the decline may be more pronounced. In addition to the exocrine function, the kidney is the major source of erythropoietin, and although not directly linear, erythropoietin production is known to be less than adequate in patients with renal insufficiency,15 accounting in large part for the anemia associated with kidney failure. Under normal circumstances, erythropoietin levels increase with advancing age.16 However, for subjects with a history of diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension, the age-associated rise in erythropoietin is either significantly less, or not existent, and hemoglobin levels for these individuals decline in later years.16 In fact, erythropoietin levels have been shown to be less than expected in the larger group of elderly individuals who meet criteria for UA, and this occurs even in the absence of clinically evident renal exocrine insufficiency.17–20 Among the very oldest, particularly those who meet criteria for frailty, anemia occurs in 50% to 85%21–23 and in this group renal insufficiency is more apparent. For example, in a recently reported survey of 6,220 nursing home residents, 43% were found to have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, supporting the notion that chronic renal insufficiency is a major contributor to the high prevalence of anemia in that setting.23
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