Now that you are looked at the article as a whole ,start reading. Try for a level of engagement between reading and skimming.
You should be able to find the author’s statement of purpose, or THESIS statement, before the end of the introduction. You should also be able to tell what evidence the author is going to use to support the position she or he taken. The author may also explain what limits have been placed on the article : for example, the length of time or period, the geographic location, the extent of the information that’s going to be used, and the theories that are going to be applied.
You should also be able to tell the author’s point of view. Remember that research is not value-free, nor culturally neutral. You may be able to tell what values the author embodies or promotes.
Also look at the conclusion. If it’s not clearly labeled, it will probably be the last two or three paragraphs. The conclusion generally doesn’t have any quoted material (i.e. ,no references or note numbers ) and should contain only the author’s remark to the reader.
It is often useful to look at the conclusion before you read the whole paper because it contains the author’s summary of what has been said. If you can’t quite identify the thesis (they are often not clearly stated), read the conclusion. Knowing where the author ended up is often a clue to where he or she started from. In many instances, too, the conclusion summarizes the whole paper, as should the thesis statement.
Some questions to guide you in determining the purpose, structure and direction of the article:
What is the author’s main point, or thesis ?
Sometimes you can find this easily ; the author says something like “the point of this article is to” or “in this paper I intend to show / argue that. “Sometimes you have to look for a simple statement that contain some echo of the title, the same phrase or words, and some statements of the argument that supports the assertion: “despite what other scholars have said, I think this [whatever it is] is actually the case, because I have found this [supporting point #1], this[supporting point #2], and this [supporting point#3].”
If the paper is well-crafted,the section headings of paper (when there are any) will contain some allusion to the supporting points.
What evidence has author used?
This question is often answered in step one, but you should also use what the author tells you in the introduction to expand on your grasp of the evidence.
Academic papers are often “argued”, that is, constructed like an argument with a statement of what the author has figured out or thought about a particular situation or event (or whatever). Then, to persuade the reader, the author present facts or evidence that support that position. In some ways it’s much like the presentation of a case in a courtroom trial.
A particular collection of sources (or witnesses) present information to the author (or lawyers) and the author comes to some understanding. Then the author explains how she or he came to that conclusion and points to or presents the bits of evidence that made it possible. Consider what information is not included. Was the trial fair even though a key witness was not called to testify? Has your author only let those facts that support the thesis testify in the article? How might you find out?
Is the evidence “PRIMARY”, “SECONDARY” “TRADITIONAL”, or “NON-TRADITIONAL”?
What limits did the author place on the study?
Writers of article rarely tackle big topics. There isn’t enough room in an article to write a history of the world or discuss big issues. Articles are generally written to advance understanding only a little bit. It may be because the subject has never been looked at before or because no one would be able to read a larger work easily (like a student’s thesis). An article usually focuses on a particular period, event, change, person, or idea and even then may be limited even more.
This may be significant if the author is trying to make generalizations about what he or she has discovered. Knowing something about education in the 1940s in Yellowknife may not tell you anything about education anywhere else or at any other time. A more general discussion of subsistence strategies over a longer period may have more general relevance.
A CRITIQUE of the literature in a specific field may replace having to read a number of books. With assigned readings, an article will most often be assigned as an example of a type of research, as a source of quality information on a specific topic or because it summarizes a lot of other writing on a given subject.
What is the author’s point of view?
This can sometimes be easily seen, especially in “polemical” essays, where the author bashes a number of point, truisms or arguments and then presents her or his own. Or it could be more difficult to tell. Sometimes you have to “feel” it out, by assessing the tone or by watching for negative or positive adjective: “as so-and-so said in their excellent essay, ‘Nuke’ em Now!’” or “who shows a wrongheaded insistence.” Cues like those words can help you figure out where the author is coming from.
Now that you are looked at the article as a whole ,start reading. Try for a level of engagement between reading and skimming.You should be able to find the author’s statement of purpose, or THESIS statement, before the end of the introduction. You should also be able to tell what evidence the author is going to use to support the position she or he taken. The author may also explain what limits have been placed on the article : for example, the length of time or period, the geographic location, the extent of the information that’s going to be used, and the theories that are going to be applied.You should also be able to tell the author’s point of view. Remember that research is not value-free, nor culturally neutral. You may be able to tell what values the author embodies or promotes.Also look at the conclusion. If it’s not clearly labeled, it will probably be the last two or three paragraphs. The conclusion generally doesn’t have any quoted material (i.e. ,no references or note numbers ) and should contain only the author’s remark to the reader.It is often useful to look at the conclusion before you read the whole paper because it contains the author’s summary of what has been said. If you can’t quite identify the thesis (they are often not clearly stated), read the conclusion. Knowing where the author ended up is often a clue to where he or she started from. In many instances, too, the conclusion summarizes the whole paper, as should the thesis statement.Some questions to guide you in determining the purpose, structure and direction of the article:What is the author’s main point, or thesis ?Sometimes you can find this easily ; the author says something like “the point of this article is to” or “in this paper I intend to show / argue that. “Sometimes you have to look for a simple statement that contain some echo of the title, the same phrase or words, and some statements of the argument that supports the assertion: “despite what other scholars have said, I think this [whatever it is] is actually the case, because I have found this [supporting point #1], this[supporting point #2], and this [supporting point#3].”If the paper is well-crafted,the section headings of paper (when there are any) will contain some allusion to the supporting points.What evidence has author used?This question is often answered in step one, but you should also use what the author tells you in the introduction to expand on your grasp of the evidence.Academic papers are often “argued”, that is, constructed like an argument with a statement of what the author has figured out or thought about a particular situation or event (or whatever). Then, to persuade the reader, the author present facts or evidence that support that position. In some ways it’s much like the presentation of a case in a courtroom trial.A particular collection of sources (or witnesses) present information to the author (or lawyers) and the author comes to some understanding. Then the author explains how she or he came to that conclusion and points to or presents the bits of evidence that made it possible. Consider what information is not included. Was the trial fair even though a key witness was not called to testify? Has your author only let those facts that support the thesis testify in the article? How might you find out?
Is the evidence “PRIMARY”, “SECONDARY” “TRADITIONAL”, or “NON-TRADITIONAL”?
What limits did the author place on the study?
Writers of article rarely tackle big topics. There isn’t enough room in an article to write a history of the world or discuss big issues. Articles are generally written to advance understanding only a little bit. It may be because the subject has never been looked at before or because no one would be able to read a larger work easily (like a student’s thesis). An article usually focuses on a particular period, event, change, person, or idea and even then may be limited even more.
This may be significant if the author is trying to make generalizations about what he or she has discovered. Knowing something about education in the 1940s in Yellowknife may not tell you anything about education anywhere else or at any other time. A more general discussion of subsistence strategies over a longer period may have more general relevance.
A CRITIQUE of the literature in a specific field may replace having to read a number of books. With assigned readings, an article will most often be assigned as an example of a type of research, as a source of quality information on a specific topic or because it summarizes a lot of other writing on a given subject.
What is the author’s point of view?
This can sometimes be easily seen, especially in “polemical” essays, where the author bashes a number of point, truisms or arguments and then presents her or his own. Or it could be more difficult to tell. Sometimes you have to “feel” it out, by assessing the tone or by watching for negative or positive adjective: “as so-and-so said in their excellent essay, ‘Nuke’ em Now!’” or “who shows a wrongheaded insistence.” Cues like those words can help you figure out where the author is coming from.
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