In preceding chapters,we have emphasized the higher-level models of a database.
For example, at the conceptual or logical level, we viewed the database, in the relational
model, as a collection of tables. Indeed, the logical model of the database
is the correct level for database users to focus on. This is because the goal of a
database system is to simplify and facilitate access to data; users of the system
should not be burdened unnecessarily with the physical details of the implementation
of the system.
In this chapter, however, as well as in Chapters 11, 12, and 13, we probe below
the higher levels as we describe various methods for implementing the data
models and languages presented in preceding chapters. We start with characteristics
of the underlying storage media, such as disk and tape systems. We then
define various data structures that allow fast access to data. We consider several
alternative structures, each best suited to a different kind of access to data. The
final choice of data structure needs to be made on the basis of the expected use of
the system and of the physical characteristics of the specific machine.