Agroforestry landscapes sometimes contain dozens or hundreds of tree species planted by farmers or that are remnants from forest clearance (Table 3), and tree species diversity can support crop yields and promote agricultural resilience, providing a reason to maintain diversity (Steffan-Dewenter et al., 2007). Trees in farmland can also support the conservation of natural tree stands in fragmented forest-agricultural mosaics by acting as ‘steppingstones’ or ‘corridors’ for pollen and seed dispersal that help to maintain the critical minimum population sizes needed to support persistence and, for managed forests, productivity (Bhagwat et al., 2008). Species-diverse farming systems that provide rich alternative
habitat for animal pollinators can support pollination and hence seed and fruit production in neighbouring forest, including
of seed and fruit that are important NTFPs (Hagen and Kraemer, 2010).