Paradoxically, management of ecosystems often
ignores relevant ecological theory and many ecological investigations
are pursued without appropriate consideration of management implications.
This paradox has been recognized by several agencies and institutions
(e.g., National Science Foundation, U.S. Forest Service, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, Environmental
Protection Agency) (Grumbine 1994; Alpert 1995; Keiter 1995; Brunner
and Clark 1997) and entire journals are dedicated to the marriage of
ecology and management (e.g., Journal of Applied Ecology, Conservation
Biology, Ecological Applications).