Modern management techniques can be traced from alexander the great's use of staff to the assembly - line methode of the arsenal of venice;from the theorizing of Niccolo Machiavelli on the nature of leadership to adam smith's advocacy of the division of labor; and from robert owen's assertion that ''vital machines " (employyees) should be given as much attention as "inanimate machines" to Charles Babbage's contention that there existed "basic principles of managent