is regarded as the most sacred Buddhist temple(wat) in Thailand. It is a potent religio-political symbol and the palladium (protective image) of Thai society.[1][2] It is located in Phra Nakhon District, the historic centre of Bangkok, within the precincts of the Grand Palace.[3][4]The main building is the central phra ubosot, which houses the statue of the Emerald Buddha. According to legend, this Buddha image originated in Indiawhere the sage Nagasena prophesized that the Emerald Buddha would bring "prosperity and pre-eminence to each country in which it resides", the Emerald Buddha deified in the Wat Phra Kaew is therefore deeply revered and venerated in Thailand as the protector of the country. Historical records however dates its finding to Chiang Rai in the 15th century where, after it was relocated a number of times, it was finally taken to Thailand in the 18th century. It was enshrined in Bangkok at the Wat Phra Kaew temple in 1782 during the reign of Phutthayotfa Chulalok, King Rama I (1782–1809). This marked the beginning of the Chakri Dynasty of Thailand, whose present sovereign is Bhumibol Adulyadej, King Rama IX.The Emerald Buddha, a dark green statue, is in a standing form, about 66 centimetres (26 in) tall, carved from a single jade stone ("emerald" in Thai means deep green colour and not the specific stone). It is carved in the meditating posture in the style of theLanna school of the northern Thailand. Except for the Thai King and, in his stead, the Crown Prince, no other persons are allowed to touch the statue. The King changes the cloak around the statue three times a year, corresponding to the summer, winter, and rainy seasons, an important ritual performed to usher good fortune to the country during each season.[2][3][4]
Contents
HistoryEmerald BuddhaLegendsArchitectureWorship and ceremoniesRules of entry and conductOther monumentsMapGallerySee alsoReferences
History
Golden Chedi of Wat Phra KaewLayout Plan of Wat Phra KaewIn 1767, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese, and King Taksin then moved the capital to Thonburi where he built the old palace beside Wat Arun on the east bank of Chao Phraya River. In 1778, Taksin's army under the command of Chao Phraya Chakri (who later became Rama I) capturedVientiane and took the Emerald Buddha back to Thonburi.In 1782, King Rama I succeeded to the throne and founded the Chakri Dynasty, and he decided to move the capital across the river to Bangkok as it would be better protected from attack.[5] He started the construction of the Grand Palace so that the palace may be ready for his coronation in 1785. Wat Phra Kaew, which has its own compound within the precinct of the palace, was built to house the Emerald Buddha, which is considered a sacred objectthat provides protection for the kingdom. It was completed in 1784.[1][6]The formal name of Wat Phra Kaeo is Phra Sri Rattana Satsadaram, which means "the residence of the Holy Jewel Buddha."Wat Phra Kaew has undergone a number of renovations, restoration and additions in its history, particularly during the reign of King Rama III andRama IV. Rama III started the renovations and rebuilding in 1831 for the 50th Anniversary of BangkoK of 1832, while Rama IV's restoration was completed by Rama V in time for the Bangkok Centennial celebrations in 1882. Further restoration was undertaken by Rama VII on Bangkok's 150th Anniversary in 1932, and byRama IX for the 200th Anniversary in 1982.[1]
Emerald Buddha
Statue of a kinnara in Wat Phra Kaew,Bangkok (Thailand).Main article: Emerald BuddhaIt is not known when the statue of the Emerald Buddha was made, but it is generally believed that it was crafted in 14th-century Thailand.[4] However, there are also claims that the statue originated in India or Sri Lanka.[7] None of these theories can be firmly established as none of the historians could get a close look at the statue.[2][4]The Emerald Buddha was found inChiang Rai, Lanna in 1434, after a lightning storm struck a temple. The Buddha statue fell down and later became chipped, and the monks, after removing the plaster around the statue, discovered that the image was a perfectly made Buddha image from a solid piece of green jade. The image was moved a few time to various temples, first to Lampang, then toChiang Mai, from where it was removed by prince Chao Chaiyasetthathirat toLuang Prabang, when his father died and he ascended the throne of bothLanna and Lan Xang, in 1551. The statue remained the it to his new capital of Lan Xang in Vientiane in the 1560s. The statue remained there for twelve years. King Chaiyasetthathirat then shifted it to his new capital of Lan Xangin Vientiane in the 1560s. He took the Emerald Buddha with him and the image remained in Vientiane for 214 years until 1778.[7]In the reign of King Taksin, Chao Phya Chakri (who later became Rama I) defeated Vientiane and moved the Emerald Buddha from Vientiane to Thonburi where it was installed in a shrine close to Wat Arun. Chao Phra Chakri then took over the throne and founded the Chakri Dynasty of theRattanakosin Kingdom, and shifted his capital across the river to its present location in Bangkok. The Emerald Buddha was also moved across the river with pomp and pageantry and installed in the temple of Wat Phra Keaw.[2][4]
Legends
Left: Entrance to Wat Phra Kaew. Right: Emerald Buddha statue enshrined in Wat Phra KaewThere a a number of legends associated with the Emerald Buddha. It was said the iconic image of the Emerald Buddha was made by Nagasena, a saint inPataliputra (present day Patna), India, who, with the help of Hindu god Vishnu and demigod Indra, had the Emerald Buddha image made. Nagasena predicted that:[2]The image of the Buddha is assuredly going to give to religion the most brilliant importance in five lands, that is in Lankadvipa (Sri Lanka), Ramalakka,Dvaravati, Chieng Mai andLan Chang (Laos).The Emerald Buddha image was taken to Sri Lanka after three hundred years in Pataliputra to save it during a civil war. In 457, King Anuruth of Burma sent a mission to Ceylon with a request forBuddhist scriptures and the Emerald Buddha, in order to promote Buddhism in his country. These requests were granted, but the ship lost its way in a storm during the return voyage and landed in Cambodia. When the Thais captured Angkor Wat in 1432 (following the ravage of the bubonic plague), the Emerald Buddha was taken to Ayutthaya, Kamphaeng Phet, Laos and finally Chiang Rai, where the ruler of the city hid it, and was later found.[2]
Architecture
Temple of the Emerald BuddhaWat Phra Kaeo has a plethora of buildings within the precincts of the Grand Palace, which covers a total area of over 94.5 hectares (234 acres). It has over 100 buildings with “200 years royal history and architectural experimentation” linked to it. The architectural style is named asRattanakosin style (old Bangkok style). The main temple of the Emerald Buddha is very elegantly decorated and similar to the temple in ancient capital of Ayudhya. The roof is embellished with polished orange and green tiles, the pillars are inlaid in mosaic and thepediments are made of rich marble. The Emerald Buddha is deified over an elevated altar surrounded by large gilded decorations. While the upper part of this altar was part of the original construction, the base was added byKing Rama III. Two images of the Buddha, which represent the first two kings of the Chakri dynasty, flank the main image. Over the years, the temple has retained its original design. However, minor improvements have been effected after its first erection during Rama I's reign; wood-work of the temple was replaced by King Rama III and King Chulalongkorn; during King Mongkut's reign, the elegant doors and windows and the copper plates on the floor were additions, Rama III refurbished the wall painting (indicative of the universe according to Buddhist cosmology) and several frescoes that display the various stages of the Buddha's life; three chambers were added on the western side by King Mongkut; in the chamber known as 'Phra Kromanusorn' at the northern end, images of Buddha have been installed in honour of the kings of Ayutthaya; and in the 19th century, In Khong, a famous painter executed the wall murals. The entry to the temple is from the third gate from the river pier.[2][4][8][9][10][11][12]พระบรมมหาราชวัง (Grand Palace) spiresThe entrance is guarded by a pair ofyakshis (mythical giants – 5 metres (16 ft) high statues). The eponymous image Buddha in brilliant green colour is 66 centimetres (26 in) in height with a lap width of 48.3 centimetres (19.0 in). It is carved in a yogic position, known as Virasana (a meditation pose commonly seen in images in Thailand and also in South India, Sri Lanka andSoutheast Asia). The pedestal on which the Emerald Buddha deified is decorated with Garuda (the mythical half-man half-bird form, a steed of Rama, who holds his mortal enemy Naga the serpent in his legs) motifs It is central to Thai Buddhism. The image made with a circular base has a smooth top-knot that is finished with a "dulled point marking at the top of the image". A third eye made in gold is inset over the elevated eyebrows of the image. The image appears divine and composed, with the eyes cast downward. The image has a small nose and mouth (mouth closed) and elongated ears. The hands are seen on the lap with palms facing upwards.[2][10][13]External decorations of the Ubosoth, the main building of Wat Phra KaewThe entire complex, including the temples, is bounded by a compound wall which is one of the most prominent part of the wat is about 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) length. The compound walls are decorated with typically Thai murals, based on the Indian epicRamayana. In Thai language these murals are known to form theRamakian, the Thai national epic, which was written during the reign of Rama I. The epic stories formed the basic information to draw the paintings during the reign of
ถือเป็น temple(wat) พุทธศักดิ์สิทธิ์ที่สุดในประเทศไทย มันเป็นสัญลักษณ์ทางการเมือง religio มีศักยภาพและพาลาเดียม (ป้องกันภาพ) ของสังคมไทย [1] [2] ตั้งอยู่ในเขตพระนคร กรุงเทพมหานคร ศูนย์ประวัติศาสตร์ภายในมณฑลพา [3] [4] อาคารเป็นกลางอุโบสถ ซึ่งรูปปั้นของพระ ตำนาน พระพุทธรูปนี้สร้างใน Indiawhere prophesized Nagasena sage ที่พระจะนำ "ความเจริญรุ่งเรืองและเนินก่อนประเทศแต่ละที่มันอยู่" พระ deified ในวัดพระแก้วเป็นจึงสิ่งลึก และ venerated ในไทยป้องกันประเทศ ระเบียนประวัติศาสตร์วันที่ค้นหาเชียงรายในศตวรรษ 15 ที่ หลังจากนั้นถูกย้ายอย่างไรก็ตามจำนวนครั้ง มันถูกจนนำประเทศไทยในศตวรรษที่ 18 มันถูกประดิษฐานในกรุงเทพฯ ที่วัดวัดพระแก้วใน 1782 รัชกาลที่ Phutthayotfa Chulalok พระรามฉัน (1782-1809) ทำเครื่องหมายจุดเริ่มต้นของราชวงศ์จักรีของไทย โซเวอร์เรนซึ่งปัจจุบันเป็นภูมิพลอดุลยเดช สมเด็จร ๙ พระ รูปปั้นสีเขียวเข้ม อยู่ในฟอร์มยืน ประมาณ 66 หน่วยเซนติเมตร (26 ใน) สูง แกะสลักจากหินหยกเดียว ("มรกต" สีเขียวลึกหมายถึงไทยและไม่เฉพาะหิน) มันเป็นสลักในท่านั่งสมาธิในแบบของโรงเรียน theLanna ภาคเหนือ ยกเว้นในหลวง และ เขา นี้ ยุพราช ท่านไม่ได้รับอนุญาตให้สัมผัสรูปปั้น พระเปลี่ยนเสื้อคลุมรอบ ๆ รูปปั้น 3 ครั้งต่อปี ที่สอดคล้องกับฤดูร้อน ฤดูหนาว และ ฤดูฝน เป็นพิธีกรรมสำคัญที่ดำเนินการเพื่อนำโชคดีไปยังประเทศในแต่ละช่วงฤดูการ [2] [3] [4]ContentsHistoryEmerald BuddhaLegendsArchitectureWorship and ceremoniesRules of entry and conductOther monumentsMapGallerySee alsoReferencesHistoryGolden Chedi of Wat Phra KaewLayout Plan of Wat Phra KaewIn 1767, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese, and King Taksin then moved the capital to Thonburi where he built the old palace beside Wat Arun on the east bank of Chao Phraya River. In 1778, Taksin's army under the command of Chao Phraya Chakri (who later became Rama I) capturedVientiane and took the Emerald Buddha back to Thonburi.In 1782, King Rama I succeeded to the throne and founded the Chakri Dynasty, and he decided to move the capital across the river to Bangkok as it would be better protected from attack.[5] He started the construction of the Grand Palace so that the palace may be ready for his coronation in 1785. Wat Phra Kaew, which has its own compound within the precinct of the palace, was built to house the Emerald Buddha, which is considered a sacred objectthat provides protection for the kingdom. It was completed in 1784.[1][6]The formal name of Wat Phra Kaeo is Phra Sri Rattana Satsadaram, which means "the residence of the Holy Jewel Buddha."Wat Phra Kaew has undergone a number of renovations, restoration and additions in its history, particularly during the reign of King Rama III andRama IV. Rama III started the renovations and rebuilding in 1831 for the 50th Anniversary of BangkoK of 1832, while Rama IV's restoration was completed by Rama V in time for the Bangkok Centennial celebrations in 1882. Further restoration was undertaken by Rama VII on Bangkok's 150th Anniversary in 1932, and byRama IX for the 200th Anniversary in 1982.[1]
Emerald Buddha
Statue of a kinnara in Wat Phra Kaew,Bangkok (Thailand).Main article: Emerald BuddhaIt is not known when the statue of the Emerald Buddha was made, but it is generally believed that it was crafted in 14th-century Thailand.[4] However, there are also claims that the statue originated in India or Sri Lanka.[7] None of these theories can be firmly established as none of the historians could get a close look at the statue.[2][4]The Emerald Buddha was found inChiang Rai, Lanna in 1434, after a lightning storm struck a temple. The Buddha statue fell down and later became chipped, and the monks, after removing the plaster around the statue, discovered that the image was a perfectly made Buddha image from a solid piece of green jade. The image was moved a few time to various temples, first to Lampang, then toChiang Mai, from where it was removed by prince Chao Chaiyasetthathirat toLuang Prabang, when his father died and he ascended the throne of bothLanna and Lan Xang, in 1551. The statue remained the it to his new capital of Lan Xang in Vientiane in the 1560s. The statue remained there for twelve years. King Chaiyasetthathirat then shifted it to his new capital of Lan Xangin Vientiane in the 1560s. He took the Emerald Buddha with him and the image remained in Vientiane for 214 years until 1778.[7]In the reign of King Taksin, Chao Phya Chakri (who later became Rama I) defeated Vientiane and moved the Emerald Buddha from Vientiane to Thonburi where it was installed in a shrine close to Wat Arun. Chao Phra Chakri then took over the throne and founded the Chakri Dynasty of theRattanakosin Kingdom, and shifted his capital across the river to its present location in Bangkok. The Emerald Buddha was also moved across the river with pomp and pageantry and installed in the temple of Wat Phra Keaw.[2][4]
Legends
Left: Entrance to Wat Phra Kaew. Right: Emerald Buddha statue enshrined in Wat Phra KaewThere a a number of legends associated with the Emerald Buddha. It was said the iconic image of the Emerald Buddha was made by Nagasena, a saint inPataliputra (present day Patna), India, who, with the help of Hindu god Vishnu and demigod Indra, had the Emerald Buddha image made. Nagasena predicted that:[2]The image of the Buddha is assuredly going to give to religion the most brilliant importance in five lands, that is in Lankadvipa (Sri Lanka), Ramalakka,Dvaravati, Chieng Mai andLan Chang (Laos).The Emerald Buddha image was taken to Sri Lanka after three hundred years in Pataliputra to save it during a civil war. In 457, King Anuruth of Burma sent a mission to Ceylon with a request forBuddhist scriptures and the Emerald Buddha, in order to promote Buddhism in his country. These requests were granted, but the ship lost its way in a storm during the return voyage and landed in Cambodia. When the Thais captured Angkor Wat in 1432 (following the ravage of the bubonic plague), the Emerald Buddha was taken to Ayutthaya, Kamphaeng Phet, Laos and finally Chiang Rai, where the ruler of the city hid it, and was later found.[2]
Architecture
Temple of the Emerald BuddhaWat Phra Kaeo has a plethora of buildings within the precincts of the Grand Palace, which covers a total area of over 94.5 hectares (234 acres). It has over 100 buildings with “200 years royal history and architectural experimentation” linked to it. The architectural style is named asRattanakosin style (old Bangkok style). The main temple of the Emerald Buddha is very elegantly decorated and similar to the temple in ancient capital of Ayudhya. The roof is embellished with polished orange and green tiles, the pillars are inlaid in mosaic and thepediments are made of rich marble. The Emerald Buddha is deified over an elevated altar surrounded by large gilded decorations. While the upper part of this altar was part of the original construction, the base was added byKing Rama III. Two images of the Buddha, which represent the first two kings of the Chakri dynasty, flank the main image. Over the years, the temple has retained its original design. However, minor improvements have been effected after its first erection during Rama I's reign; wood-work of the temple was replaced by King Rama III and King Chulalongkorn; during King Mongkut's reign, the elegant doors and windows and the copper plates on the floor were additions, Rama III refurbished the wall painting (indicative of the universe according to Buddhist cosmology) and several frescoes that display the various stages of the Buddha's life; three chambers were added on the western side by King Mongkut; in the chamber known as 'Phra Kromanusorn' at the northern end, images of Buddha have been installed in honour of the kings of Ayutthaya; and in the 19th century, In Khong, a famous painter executed the wall murals. The entry to the temple is from the third gate from the river pier.[2][4][8][9][10][11][12]พระบรมมหาราชวัง (Grand Palace) spiresThe entrance is guarded by a pair ofyakshis (mythical giants – 5 metres (16 ft) high statues). The eponymous image Buddha in brilliant green colour is 66 centimetres (26 in) in height with a lap width of 48.3 centimetres (19.0 in). It is carved in a yogic position, known as Virasana (a meditation pose commonly seen in images in Thailand and also in South India, Sri Lanka andSoutheast Asia). The pedestal on which the Emerald Buddha deified is decorated with Garuda (the mythical half-man half-bird form, a steed of Rama, who holds his mortal enemy Naga the serpent in his legs) motifs It is central to Thai Buddhism. The image made with a circular base has a smooth top-knot that is finished with a "dulled point marking at the top of the image". A third eye made in gold is inset over the elevated eyebrows of the image. The image appears divine and composed, with the eyes cast downward. The image has a small nose and mouth (mouth closed) and elongated ears. The hands are seen on the lap with palms facing upwards.[2][10][13]External decorations of the Ubosoth, the main building of Wat Phra KaewThe entire complex, including the temples, is bounded by a compound wall which is one of the most prominent part of the wat is about 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) length. The compound walls are decorated with typically Thai murals, based on the Indian epicRamayana. In Thai language these murals are known to form theRamakian, the Thai national epic, which was written during the reign of Rama I. The epic stories formed the basic information to draw the paintings during the reign of
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