We mainly utilize the public user files of the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) and the Labor Force Survey (LFS), which are collected by the National Statistics Office (NSO) of the Philippines. The FIES contains detailed household expenditure and income data, and the LFS data contain employment and demographic variables for each individual in the household. For each of the years 1997, 2000, and 2003, the FIES households are all included in an LFS survey, and thus FIES and LFS can be merged at the household level. The merged FIES-LFS data are pooled across these 3 years.