In terms of behaviours and practices, they conclude that relationship skills are more important than financial and technical abilities, and that demonstrated leadership tends to foster leadership behaviours in others. Particular traits and characteristics that have been shown to promote leadership are openness, extroversion and motivation to manage. Furthermore, age and experience facilitates leadership, while gender seems unimportant. Leader effectiveness was seen to decrease in healthcare settings in which leaders had less contact with care-givers. Opportunities to practice, observe and model leadership skills led to greater self-efficacy in nurses’ leadership behaviours. Finally, leadership training programmes were mostly found to be effective, not just in bringing about short-term change, but also in the long term