dimensions of cognition should be evaluated [4]. It is
unclear whether a disease-specific diagnosis (i.e. dementia
or mild cognitive impairment), a measure of global cogni-
tive function or the evaluation of specific cognitive
domains (i.e. executive function (EF) or memory), regard-
less of disease diagnosis, are associated with an increased
fall risk. Current research has shown that subtle changes in
cognition, specifically in EF, in the absence of dementia
contribute to postural instability [5, 6]. Despite the emer-
ging role of EF in the pathophysiology of postural instabil-
ity, it is uncertain if EF testing should be recommended for
fall risk evaluation.
Therefore, a critical analysis of the literature may
provide further insight into which methods of cognitive as-
sessment most strongly predict fall risk and if a specific
domain, such as EF, plays a major role as suggested.
Cognitive function has not yet received a structured critical
evaluation as a fall risk factor.
The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the
evidence connecting cognitive impairment to falls in com-
munity and institution-dwelling older adults. Our specific
objectives were: (i) to evaluate the association of cognitive
impairment on fall risk (specifically the outcomes of any
fall, recurrent falls and falls with injury), (ii) to explore dif-
ferences in the association of cognitive impairment on fall
risk between community and institution-dwelling older
adults and (iii) to identify the association between disease
diagnosis, global measures of cognition and specific
domains of cognitive function with fall risk.
dimensions of cognition should be evaluated [4]. It is
unclear whether a disease-specific diagnosis (i.e. dementia
or mild cognitive impairment), a measure of global cogni-
tive function or the evaluation of specific cognitive
domains (i.e. executive function (EF) or memory), regard-
less of disease diagnosis, are associated with an increased
fall risk. Current research has shown that subtle changes in
cognition, specifically in EF, in the absence of dementia
contribute to postural instability [5, 6]. Despite the emer-
ging role of EF in the pathophysiology of postural instabil-
ity, it is uncertain if EF testing should be recommended for
fall risk evaluation.
Therefore, a critical analysis of the literature may
provide further insight into which methods of cognitive as-
sessment most strongly predict fall risk and if a specific
domain, such as EF, plays a major role as suggested.
Cognitive function has not yet received a structured critical
evaluation as a fall risk factor.
The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the
evidence connecting cognitive impairment to falls in com-
munity and institution-dwelling older adults. Our specific
objectives were: (i) to evaluate the association of cognitive
impairment on fall risk (specifically the outcomes of any
fall, recurrent falls and falls with injury), (ii) to explore dif-
ferences in the association of cognitive impairment on fall
risk between community and institution-dwelling older
adults and (iii) to identify the association between disease
diagnosis, global measures of cognition and specific
domains of cognitive function with fall risk.
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