Triggers and Mechanisms
Descriptions of new anaphylaxis triggers and improved methods of confirming triggers suggested by the history of the episode have a prominent place in the 2013 Update, as in the 2012 Update [2].
Food
Children who were clinically reactive to peanut (including those with anaphylaxis) had higher specific IgE levels to Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 than asymptomatic peanut-sensitized children did (p < 0.00001). Elevated specific IgE to Ara h 2 was the major contributor to accurate discrimination between clinical reactivity to peanut and asymptomatic sensitization to peanut (99.1% sensitivity, 98.3% specificity, and 1.2% misclassification rate) and had a higher discriminative accuracy than IgE to whole peanut extract (p = 0.008) [22].
Short-chain low molecular weight galacto-oligosaccharides with prebiotic effects that are added to some cow's milk formulas have been identified as a new trigger of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in patients presenting at a median age of 6 years [23].
In tropical climates, orally ingested mites that contaminate wheat flour can trigger anaphylaxis even after cooking (the so-called ‘pancake syndrome') and also play a role in food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis [24].
In a prospective study, most patients allergic to red meat were sensitized to gelatin, and a subset was clinically allergic to both red meat and gelatin. The detection of galactose-α 1,3-galactose (α-gal) in gelatin, and correlation between the results of α-gal and gelatin testing, raised the possibility that α-gal-specific IgE might be the target of reactivity to gelatin [25].
In a cross-sectional validation study in 99 fish-tolerant patients and 35 Anisakis simplex-allergic patients, in addition to use of commercially available allergens in skin prick tests and the ImmunoCap assay, testing with 5 recombinant Anisakis allergens (Ani s 1, Ani s 3, Ani s 5, Ani s 9, and Ani s 10) retained high diagnostic sensitivity and increased diagnostic specificity [26].
Anaphylaxis to food typically occurs after ingestion [1,2]; however, it can also occur after skin contact with vomited food such as egg and milk [27], or inhalation of minute food particles; for example, sleeping on pillows stuffed with soy products can cause nocturnal anaphylaxis in soy-sensitized patients [28].
In wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, IgE antibodies to recombinant omega5-gliadin are detectable in more than 80% of patients. In their absence, it can be helpful to determine IgE reactivity to other wheat proteins such as α-β-γ-gliadin (especially γ-gliadin) and high molecular weight glutenin [29,30].
Venoms
True double positivity to bee and vespid venoms is difficult to distinguish from cross-reactivity to these venoms [1]. Only 47% of 76 patients with double positivity to whole bee and wasp (yellow jacket) venoms reacted to recombinant species-specific major allergens (rSSMA) from both of these species. The specificity of IgE to rSSMA was excellent, especially for wasp venom [31]. In another study, component-resolved diagnosis with wasp-specific recombinant allergen components Ves v I and Ves v 5 was a reliable method of diagnosing wasp/yellow jacket allergy [32].
Triggers and MechanismsDescriptions of new anaphylaxis triggers and improved methods of confirming triggers suggested by the history of the episode have a prominent place in the 2013 Update, as in the 2012 Update [2].FoodChildren who were clinically reactive to peanut (including those with anaphylaxis) had higher specific IgE levels to Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 than asymptomatic peanut-sensitized children did (p < 0.00001). Elevated specific IgE to Ara h 2 was the major contributor to accurate discrimination between clinical reactivity to peanut and asymptomatic sensitization to peanut (99.1% sensitivity, 98.3% specificity, and 1.2% misclassification rate) and had a higher discriminative accuracy than IgE to whole peanut extract (p = 0.008) [22].Short-chain low molecular weight galacto-oligosaccharides with prebiotic effects that are added to some cow's milk formulas have been identified as a new trigger of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in patients presenting at a median age of 6 years [23].In tropical climates, orally ingested mites that contaminate wheat flour can trigger anaphylaxis even after cooking (the so-called ‘pancake syndrome') and also play a role in food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis [24].In a prospective study, most patients allergic to red meat were sensitized to gelatin, and a subset was clinically allergic to both red meat and gelatin. The detection of galactose-α 1,3-galactose (α-gal) in gelatin, and correlation between the results of α-gal and gelatin testing, raised the possibility that α-gal-specific IgE might be the target of reactivity to gelatin [25].In a cross-sectional validation study in 99 fish-tolerant patients and 35 Anisakis simplex-allergic patients, in addition to use of commercially available allergens in skin prick tests and the ImmunoCap assay, testing with 5 recombinant Anisakis allergens (Ani s 1, Ani s 3, Ani s 5, Ani s 9, and Ani s 10) retained high diagnostic sensitivity and increased diagnostic specificity [26].Anaphylaxis to food typically occurs after ingestion [1,2]; however, it can also occur after skin contact with vomited food such as egg and milk [27], or inhalation of minute food particles; for example, sleeping on pillows stuffed with soy products can cause nocturnal anaphylaxis in soy-sensitized patients [28].In wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, IgE antibodies to recombinant omega5-gliadin are detectable in more than 80% of patients. In their absence, it can be helpful to determine IgE reactivity to other wheat proteins such as α-β-γ-gliadin (especially γ-gliadin) and high molecular weight glutenin [29,30].ดีPositivity จริงคู่กับบีดี vespid จะยากที่จะแยกความแตกต่างจาก cross-reactivity ให้ดีเหล่านี้ [1] เพียง 47% ของผู้ป่วย 76 positivity คู่ทั้งผึ้งและ wasp (เสื้อเหลือง) ดีปฏิกิริยาที่เกิดขึ้น recombinant species-specific สำคัญสารก่อภูมิแพ้ (rSSMA) จากทั้งสองพันธุ์ Specificity ของ IgE จะ rSSMA คำแนะนำ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสำหรับพิษ wasp [31] ในการศึกษาอื่น การวินิจฉัยแก้ไขคอมโพเนนต์กับ allergen recombinant wasp เฉพาะคอมโพเนนต์ Ves v ฉันและ Ves v 5 เป็นวิธีที่เชื่อถือได้ของการวินิจฉัยโรคภูมิแพ้เสื้อ wasp/เหลือง [32]
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