As a result, the focus in this chapter is on general issues and procedures to
provide help and guidance with setting objectives, formulating hypotheses and
designing sampling, particularly for measuring ecological impacts. This will serve
as an aide-memoire for contemplating issues of logic when dealing with spatial
and temporal variability in biological systems. It will also provide an introduction
into the broader literature where many advances have been made in methodologies
dealing with the problems of biological complexity in the real world.