Intention to Screen for CRC
Participants answered six questions about future plans to
screen. All participants were asked whether they plan to
screen for CRC (yes, no, don’t know) and, if so, when.
Participants were also asked about their certainty to complete
CRC screening as ‘‘how sure’’ (4-point Likert from
not very sure to very sure) and ‘‘how likely’’ (4-point
Likert from not very likely to very likely) to test. These
items were taken from pre-existing scales [20–23].
Responses were coded according to the response option
number, then averaged to create an intention to screen
mean scale score.
Perceived Risk
Participants answered three questions on CRC risk. Participants
were asked about their overall chance of developing
cancer, whether they viewed themselves at lower risk
for developing cancer compared to others the same age,
and whether they thought they would likely develop CRC.
Responses were provided on a 4-point Likert scale
anchored by 1 strongly disagree and 4 strongly agree.
These items were modified from pre-existing scales [23]. A
mean scale score was calculated.
CRC Knowledge
Participants were asked five items that assessed knowledge.
These items were modified from Sanderson et al. and
Palmer [24, 25]. Responses were coded 1 for true and 0 for
false. A mean CRC knowledge score was calculated.
Worry about Cancer
Two questions were used to assess participants’ worry
about developing cancer. A 4-point Likert assessed their
level of agreement to the statements ‘‘I am afraid of having
an abnormal colon cancer screening test result’’ and ‘‘I am
worried that colorectal cancer screening will show that I
have colon cancer.’’ These items were taken from preexisting
scales and averaged to create a score [23].
Data Analysis
Data were cleaned prior to analysis and checked for data
entry errors. Frequencies, percentages, means and standard
deviations were used to describe the demographic characteristics.
Differences in knowledge scores, intention to
screen, perceived risk and cancer worry by gender were
analyzed using Chi square and t tests. Multivariate logistic
regression was then performed as the primary analysis
which is to understand the extent that gender has an effect
on intention to screen for colon cancer. Multivariate linear
regression explored the secondary analyses of gender’s
effect on perceived risk and worry about cancer. Data were
analyzed