In Fig. 1 are shown the sampled top reference companies differentiated by nationality whilst in Fig. 2 the distribution is made depending on the specie the companies’ culture or produce. The
highest number of companies is from the UK, followed by both Spain and France. These data could assist in updating the research carried out by Martins et al. (2010). The number of companies producing tilapia was the most common (6 companies, representing 37.5%). Thus, 75% of the companies use freshwater (e.g. river or lakewater, municipality water, rain water), 18.75% seawater and 6.25%brackish water (depending on species and source of water). Due to the wide variety of species produced, but only limited companies for each, no comparison can be made in terms of management procedures, as well as in terms of failure reasons and financial aspects. Fish life stage is one of the most significant contrasting factors, when classifying and describing different kinds of RAS companies. Thus, in Fig. 3 respondents are distinguished in terms of the life stage of their culture. From this figure it can be concluded that most of the production companies that answered the survey are on-growing fish, followed by hatchery farms. Among the 12 on-growing farms, 2 were closed presently whilst one would be reopened in the near future due to critic engineering failures. Of the others, the systems of 5 companies were set up as new projects whilst 4 were change to improve the previous systems. The main changes were due to redesigns, from flow-through (FTS) to RAS; also, to aquaponic systems, for different reasons. Finally, the companies are profiled in terms of the RAS system components used. As can be seen, in Fig. 4, biofilters and pumps are parts of all systems and solids removal and oxygenators are components for nearly allthe systems (94.1% and 88.2%, respectively). It can be seen that
skimmers (64.7%) and disinfection devices (ozone is used mainly in all of the seawater companies) are not very usual and neither are denitrification devices (just in 25% of freshwater systems). Within each component category there are different types: e.g. trickling biofilters are the most expanded type of biological filtration devices and drum filters are the most expanded ones for solids removal. For carbon dioxide (CO2) removal, ventilators, airlifts and the same biofilters are being extensively used. Heating and cooling methods vary from the use of traditional heaters (gas boilers) and solar panels (photovoltaic panels providing electricity and then used for heating or cooling), to the recovery of energy from the freezers
installed in the companies and the use of submerged pumps (also considered a source of heat).
Fig. 1 แสดงบริษัทอ้างอิงด้านบนตัวอย่างที่แตกต่างกันตามสัญชาติในขณะที่ใน Fig. 2 การกระจายจะขึ้นอยู่กับชนิดบริษัทวัฒนธรรม หรือผลิต ที่highest number of companies is from the UK, followed by both Spain and France. These data could assist in updating the research carried out by Martins et al. (2010). The number of companies producing tilapia was the most common (6 companies, representing 37.5%). Thus, 75% of the companies use freshwater (e.g. river or lakewater, municipality water, rain water), 18.75% seawater and 6.25%brackish water (depending on species and source of water). Due to the wide variety of species produced, but only limited companies for each, no comparison can be made in terms of management procedures, as well as in terms of failure reasons and financial aspects. Fish life stage is one of the most significant contrasting factors, when classifying and describing different kinds of RAS companies. Thus, in Fig. 3 respondents are distinguished in terms of the life stage of their culture. From this figure it can be concluded that most of the production companies that answered the survey are on-growing fish, followed by hatchery farms. Among the 12 on-growing farms, 2 were closed presently whilst one would be reopened in the near future due to critic engineering failures. Of the others, the systems of 5 companies were set up as new projects whilst 4 were change to improve the previous systems. The main changes were due to redesigns, from flow-through (FTS) to RAS; also, to aquaponic systems, for different reasons. Finally, the companies are profiled in terms of the RAS system components used. As can be seen, in Fig. 4, biofilters and pumps are parts of all systems and solids removal and oxygenators are components for nearly allthe systems (94.1% and 88.2%, respectively). It can be seen thatskimmers (64.7%) และอุปกรณ์ฆ่าเชื้อ (โอโซนใช้ในบริษัททะเลส่วนใหญ่) ไม่ปกติมาก และไม่มี denitrification อุปกรณ์ (เพียง 25% ของระบบน้ำจืด) ภายในแต่ละประเภทส่วนประกอบ มีชนิดต่าง ๆ: เช่น trickling biofilters ชนิดขยายมากที่สุดของอุปกรณ์การกรองชีวภาพ และกลองกรอง ที่ขยายมากที่สุดสำหรับการกำจัดของแข็ง สำหรับก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ (CO2) ventilators, airlifts และ biofilters เดียวกันอย่างกว้างขวางใช้ ความร้อน และวิธีเย็นแตกต่างไปจากการใช้เครื่องทำความร้อนแบบดั้งเดิม (แก๊สหม้อไอน้ำ) และแผงเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ (เซลล์แสงอาทิตย์ติดตั้งไฟฟ้าให้ และใช้ความร้อน หรือความเย็น), การกู้คืนของพลังงานที่ทนต่อติดตั้งในบริษัทและการใช้เครื่องสูบน้ำท่วม (ยังถือว่าเป็นแหล่งของความร้อน)
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