hobbies such as shopping, fishing, hunting, or sports, and so on, have nothing to do with authenticity in MacCannell's sense (Schudson 1979; Stephen 1990; Urry 1990). According to Urry , "the 'search for authenticity' is too simple a foundation for explaining contemporary tourism." (1991:51). But still authenticity is relevant to some kinds of tourism such as ethnic, history or culture tourism, which involve the representation of the Other or of the past. However, if the concept is of limited applicability, then how can it be of central importance in tourism studies? Can one continue to use it while ignoring the dif-
ficulties relating to it, discard it altogether, or alternatively, redefine its meaning in order to justify and enhance its explanatory power?
This paper concentrates on the third choice: rethinking the mean-
ings of authenticity in terms of existential philosophers' usage of the idea. While the two conventional meanings in the literature (namely, objective and constructive authenticity) are discussed, its third usage (existential authenticity) will be suggested as an alternative. This paper has two aims. First, the three different approaches—objec-
tivism, constructivism, and postmodernism—are reviewed and analy-
zed. As a result, three different types of authenticity (objective authenticity, constructive or symbolic authenticity, and existential authenticity) will be clarified. Second, the paper will suggest that, in postmodern conditions, both objective and constructive authenticity, as object-related notions, can only explain a limited range of tourist experiences, whereas existential authenticity, as activity-related situ-
ation, is germane to the explanation of a greater variety of tourist experiences. Existential authenticity is further classified into two different dimensions: intra-personal and inter-personal authenticity.
AUTHENTICITY IN TOURISM EXPERIENCE
Authenticity is a term grown ambiguous from varied usages and contexts (Golomb 1995:7). According to Trilling, the original usage was in the museum,
where persons expert in such matters test whether objects of art are what they appear to be or arc claimed to be, and therefore worth the price that is asked for them—or, if this has already been paid, worth the admiration they arc being given (1972:93).
This term was also borrowed to refer to human existence and "the peculiar nature of our fallen condition, our anxiety over the credibility of existence and of individual existence" (Trilling 1972:93). For example, Rosscau used the word authenticity to refer to the existential condition of being, and he regarded society as the major cause that destroyed it.
However, it is mainly its museum-linked usage which has been extended. to .tourism. For example, products of tourism such as works of art, festivals, rituals, cuisine, dreSs, hoUsing, and so on are usually described as "authentic" or "inauthentic" in terms of the criterion of • whether they are made or enacted "by local people according -to custom or tradition". (And in this sense], "authenticity connotes traditional culture and origin, a sense of the genuine, the re-al or the
hobbies such as shopping, fishing, hunting, or sports, and so on, have nothing to do with authenticity in MacCannell's sense (Schudson 1979; Stephen 1990; Urry 1990). According to Urry , "the 'search for authenticity' is too simple a foundation for explaining contemporary tourism." (1991:51). But still authenticity is relevant to some kinds of tourism such as ethnic, history or culture tourism, which involve the representation of the Other or of the past. However, if the concept is of limited applicability, then how can it be of central importance in tourism studies? Can one continue to use it while ignoring the dif-
ficulties relating to it, discard it altogether, or alternatively, redefine its meaning in order to justify and enhance its explanatory power?
This paper concentrates on the third choice: rethinking the mean-
ings of authenticity in terms of existential philosophers' usage of the idea. While the two conventional meanings in the literature (namely, objective and constructive authenticity) are discussed, its third usage (existential authenticity) will be suggested as an alternative. This paper has two aims. First, the three different approaches—objec-
tivism, constructivism, and postmodernism—are reviewed and analy-
zed. As a result, three different types of authenticity (objective authenticity, constructive or symbolic authenticity, and existential authenticity) will be clarified. Second, the paper will suggest that, in postmodern conditions, both objective and constructive authenticity, as object-related notions, can only explain a limited range of tourist experiences, whereas existential authenticity, as activity-related situ-
ation, is germane to the explanation of a greater variety of tourist experiences. Existential authenticity is further classified into two different dimensions: intra-personal and inter-personal authenticity.
AUTHENTICITY IN TOURISM EXPERIENCE
Authenticity is a term grown ambiguous from varied usages and contexts (Golomb 1995:7). According to Trilling, the original usage was in the museum,
where persons expert in such matters test whether objects of art are what they appear to be or arc claimed to be, and therefore worth the price that is asked for them—or, if this has already been paid, worth the admiration they arc being given (1972:93).
This term was also borrowed to refer to human existence and "the peculiar nature of our fallen condition, our anxiety over the credibility of existence and of individual existence" (Trilling 1972:93). For example, Rosscau used the word authenticity to refer to the existential condition of being, and he regarded society as the major cause that destroyed it.
However, it is mainly its museum-linked usage which has been extended. to .tourism. For example, products of tourism such as works of art, festivals, rituals, cuisine, dreSs, hoUsing, and so on are usually described as "authentic" or "inauthentic" in terms of the criterion of • whether they are made or enacted "by local people according -to custom or tradition". (And in this sense], "authenticity connotes traditional culture and origin, a sense of the genuine, the re-al or the
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