developed the Engel–Brewer method by applying the Hildebrand
formula [15,16] to the Engel method in order to calculate mixing
properties and phase transformations and this also enable the prediction
of the phase diagram of binary and multi-component systems.
The Engel–Brewer method uses electronic configurations to
predict crystal structures and phase stability limits for different
phases of an alloy. In other words, this method relates the number
of valence electrons to the Gibbs free energy of mixing. Contrastingly,
the Miedema model [12,13] uses electron density at the
boundary of the Wigner–Seitz cell (nws) [12], electronegativity
(u⁄) and hybridization term (R/P) to describe the enthalpy of
mixing.