also, in contrast to many scholars within the field of "mainstream terrorism studies" for example, who "have been directly or indirectly involved in the business of counterterrorism" and have often produced more or less "policy-oriented" knoeledge, social movement scholars have promoted, often from a sociological perspective, a critical approach that rejects examining protest movements and violent groups in isolation. instead, they have fostered a perspective which entails the contextualization of the phenomenon in three respects