of train and track as these forces are the main cause
of railway track problems when trains are operated
at high speed and with heavy axle loads. It has
been found that wheel/rail interactions induce much
higher-frequency and much higher-magnitude
forces than simple quasi-static loads. These forces
are referred to as ‘dynamic wheel/rail’ or ‘impact’
forces. The summary of typical impact loadings due
to train and track vertical interaction has been
presented elsewhere with particular reference to the
shape, magnitude and duration of impact loads
found in railway track structures [3].