Parameters affecting the VA-D-μ-SPE performance including sorbent amount, sample volume,
desorption solvent ,and vortex time were optimized. Under the optimum condition, linear dynamic ranges were achieved
between 0.004−24.000 mg kg−1 (R2 > 0.9946). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.004−4.000 mg kg−1. The
applicability of the developed procedure was successfully evaluated by the determination of the carbamate residues in fruits
(dragon fruit, rambutan, and watermelon), vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, and cucumber), and natural surface water.