Typical controlled atmosphere treatment (CA) with increased
carbon dioxide (CO2) and reduced oxygen has been shown to have
synergistic effects to phosphine fumigation for postharvest control
of Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
on carnation at low temperature (Zhang et al., 2014). Phosphine
fumigation with elevated CO2 could increase efficacy against
aphids (Karunaratne et al., 1997). Ultralow oxygen treatments with
reduced oxygen levels increased western flower thrips mortality
(Liu, 2008a,b). Misuse of phosphine has also led to more phosphine
resistance of pests in stored products (Chaudhry, 1997). Therefore,
it is valuable to conduct more tests to demonstrate whether pure
phosphine gas with or without CA could be utilized as an alternative
to MB for insect disinfestation of horticultural products. In
this research, toxicity of phosphine with different concentrations
and exposure durations, and synergistic effects of CA to phosphine
Typical controlled atmosphere treatment (CA) with increasedcarbon dioxide (CO2) and reduced oxygen has been shown to havesynergistic effects to phosphine fumigation for postharvest controlof Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)on carnation at low temperature (Zhang et al., 2014). Phosphinefumigation with elevated CO2 could increase efficacy againstaphids (Karunaratne et al., 1997). Ultralow oxygen treatments withreduced oxygen levels increased western flower thrips mortality(Liu, 2008a,b). Misuse of phosphine has also led to more phosphineresistance of pests in stored products (Chaudhry, 1997). Therefore,it is valuable to conduct more tests to demonstrate whether purephosphine gas with or without CA could be utilized as an alternativeto MB for insect disinfestation of horticultural products. Inthis research, toxicity of phosphine with different concentrationsand exposure durations, and synergistic effects of CA to phosphine
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