The manipulation of the orchard plant diversity may affect communities living within or near the orchard through an increase in the resource range, i.e. habitat, shelter and food. Herbivores, including orchard pests, polyphagous and disease vector arthropods, pollinators, and predatory and parasitoid arthropods are involved, and the manipulation can result in beneficial or detrimental effects for the orchard pest control. Very few studies address the economic benefit of such manipulation of plant diversity in the orchard or its boundaries. Besides several studies on the arthropod community of understorey plants, pest control resulting from the introduction of plant assemblages is seldom directly assessed. The results may vary according to the host fruit species, the pest and the tested plant assemblage (Tab. II). Among the 22 listed articles presenting 30 case studies on the subject, the effect on pest control was positive in 16 cases, 5 plant assemblages had a negative effect and 9 others were indifferent. Plant manipulations generally aimed at favouring
either predator or parasitoid beneficial taxonomic groups or species. The total beneficial complex is more seldom targeted.
Most of the plant manipulations were based on the manipulation of understorey plants or plant assemblages, or on the
analysis of naturally occurring plant ground covers. Only two of them were related to arboreal plant assemblages (adjacent bushes or lining hedgerows), attesting to the difficulties of carrying out field experiments on perennial plant assemblages. With the exception of one case in orchards, i.e. the detrimental effect of flower strips on apple aphid, negative effects were mainly due to the development in weeds of spider mites migrating into fruit trees when weeds
are chemically or mechanically removed.
The manipulation of the orchard plant diversity may affect communities living within or near the orchard through an increase in the resource range, i.e. habitat, shelter and food. Herbivores, including orchard pests, polyphagous and disease vector arthropods, pollinators, and predatory and parasitoid arthropods are involved, and the manipulation can result in beneficial or detrimental effects for the orchard pest control. Very few studies address the economic benefit of such manipulation of plant diversity in the orchard or its boundaries. Besides several studies on the arthropod community of understorey plants, pest control resulting from the introduction of plant assemblages is seldom directly assessed. The results may vary according to the host fruit species, the pest and the tested plant assemblage (Tab. II). Among the 22 listed articles presenting 30 case studies on the subject, the effect on pest control was positive in 16 cases, 5 plant assemblages had a negative effect and 9 others were indifferent. Plant manipulations generally aimed at favouring either predator or parasitoid beneficial taxonomic groups or species. The total beneficial complex is more seldom targeted. Most of the plant manipulations were based on the manipulation of understorey plants or plant assemblages, or on the analysis of naturally occurring plant ground covers. Only two of them were related to arboreal plant assemblages (adjacent bushes or lining hedgerows), attesting to the difficulties of carrying out field experiments on perennial plant assemblages. With the exception of one case in orchards, i.e. the detrimental effect of flower strips on apple aphid, negative effects were mainly due to the development in weeds of spider mites migrating into fruit trees when weeds are chemically or mechanically removed.
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The manipulation of the orchard plant diversity may affect communities living within or near the orchard through an increase in the resource range, i.e. habitat, shelter and food. Herbivores, including orchard pests, polyphagous and disease vector arthropods, pollinators, and predatory and parasitoid arthropods are involved, and the manipulation can result in beneficial or detrimental effects for the orchard pest control. Very few studies address the economic benefit of such manipulation of plant diversity in the orchard or its boundaries. Besides several studies on the arthropod community of understorey plants, pest control resulting from the introduction of plant assemblages is seldom directly assessed. The results may vary according to the host fruit species, the pest and the tested plant assemblage (Tab. II). Among the 22 listed articles presenting 30 case studies on the subject, the effect on pest control was positive in 16 cases, 5 plant assemblages had a negative effect and 9 others were indifferent. Plant manipulations generally aimed at favouring
either predator or parasitoid beneficial taxonomic groups or species. The total beneficial complex is more seldom targeted.
Most of the plant manipulations were based on the manipulation of understorey plants or plant assemblages, or on the
analysis of naturally occurring plant ground covers. Only two of them were related to arboreal plant assemblages (adjacent bushes or lining hedgerows), attesting to the difficulties of carrying out field experiments on perennial plant assemblages. With the exception of one case in orchards, i.e. the detrimental effect of flower strips on apple aphid, negative effects were mainly due to the development in weeds of spider mites migrating into fruit trees when weeds
are chemically or mechanically removed.
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