Auditor independences ส่วนใหญ่จะถูกนำมาเป็นตัวแปรตาม โดยมีตัวชี้วัด (Dimension) ประกอบด้วย
- Going-concern opinion
- Going-concern Modification
- Opinion expressed in the audit report
- Auditor-client negotiation (adjusted , disclosure)
โดยตัวแปรที่จะนำมาใช้เป็นตัวแปรอิสระจะประกอบด้วย
1. Non Audit Services (NAS) :
- Statutory audit Services
- Further assurance Services
- Tax advisory Services
- Auditor-provided tax services
- Management advisory services (MAS)
- Abnormal NAS fees
2. Client Factors :
-Audit committee approval
-Board of directors
-Probfail bankrupt
-Client-Level audit
-Auditor-Director Relationship
-Company Charcteristics
3. Audit firm Factors :
-Auditor types (Big /non- Big),small/large
-Auditor changes
-Reputation a Big firm
-Audit engagement team
-audit fees
- Partner rotation
4. Auditor Characteristics
5. Mandatory
-Pre-Post SOX period
- Regulatory Environment