Several of the associations are noteworthy. First, dominance and possessive
aggression are frequently associated. Second, fear-elicited aggression and intraspecific
aggression frequently occur alone. Third, many of the aggressive
problems are associated with non-aggressive problems involving fear and
anxiety. It should be noted that the association between punishment-elicited
and dominance aggression is probably under-represented in these data. Most
dogs exhibiting dominance aggression escalate their aggression when punished
or threatened with punishment, particularly by the owner. Most owners
quickly realize this and avoid punishment techniques.