If the results are not valid, they do not reliably or faithfully represent reality. Consequently, any conclusions drawn on the basis of those results will be incorrect, and will also have no value. A study producing invalid results has no scientific value. If a study has no value, then its benefits cannot outweigh its risks to the subjects, and it cannot pass the beneficence test. The ethical standard is that a study must be expected to produce valid results in order to be undertaken.