We defined the census tract where the child lived in 1968 as the neighborhood of upbringing.
On average, two thirds of childhood years were spent in the1968 neighborhood.
By our definition, a child lived in a high-poverty neighborhood if more than 30% of the
people who lived in the neighborhood were in poverty. Medium-poverty neighborhoods
were neighborhoods in which 10% to 30% of the residents lived in poverty. All other
neighborhoods were defined as low-poverty neighborhoods. We obtained census tract–level
poverty information by linking the PSID individual data to US census data for each census
tract. Additional neighborhood characteristics were based on parental reports of
neighborhood quality in terms of crime, connectedness to informal sources of help,
plumbing problems, and housing insulation problems in the homes in the neighborhood.
Parental smoking was measured in the PSID from self-reports of whether the parents
smoked cigarettes at any time from 1968 through1972. To determine childhood general
health status as retrospectively reported in adulthood on the basis of self-rated general health
status, participants were asked the following: “Consider your health while you were growing
We defined the census tract where the child lived in 1968 as the neighborhood of upbringing.
On average, two thirds of childhood years were spent in the1968 neighborhood.
By our definition, a child lived in a high-poverty neighborhood if more than 30% of the
people who lived in the neighborhood were in poverty. Medium-poverty neighborhoods
were neighborhoods in which 10% to 30% of the residents lived in poverty. All other
neighborhoods were defined as low-poverty neighborhoods. We obtained census tract–level
poverty information by linking the PSID individual data to US census data for each census
tract. Additional neighborhood characteristics were based on parental reports of
neighborhood quality in terms of crime, connectedness to informal sources of help,
plumbing problems, and housing insulation problems in the homes in the neighborhood.
Parental smoking was measured in the PSID from self-reports of whether the parents
smoked cigarettes at any time from 1968 through1972. To determine childhood general
health status as retrospectively reported in adulthood on the basis of self-rated general health
status, participants were asked the following: “Consider your health while you were growing
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