Application Layer ISO OSI Functionality and Protocols
Application Layer and Applications - The Interface Between the Networks
OSI and TCP/IP Model
The Open Systems Interconnection reference model is a layered, abstract representation created as a guideline for network protocol design. The OSI model divides the networking process into seven logical layers, each of which has unique functionality and to which are assigned specific services and protocols. In this model, information is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the Application layer ISO OSI on the transmitting host, proceeding down the hierarchy to the Physical layer, then passing over the communications channel to the destination host, where the information proceeds back up the hierarchy, ending at the Application layer. The figure depicts the steps in this process. The Application layer ISO OSI, Layer seven, is the top layer of both the OSI and TCP/IP models. It is the layer that provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. Application layer protocols are used to exchange data between programs running on the source and destination hosts. There are many Application layer protocols and new protocols are always being developed.
Although the TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the definition of the OSI model, the functionality of the TCP/IP application layer protocols fit roughly into the framework of the top three layers of the OSI model: Application, Presentation and Session layers. Most TCP/IP application layer protocols were developed before the emergence of personal computers, graphical user interfaces and multimedia objects. As a result, these protocols implement very little of the functionality that is specified in the OSI model Presentation and Session layers.
The Presentation Layer
The Presentation layer has three primary functions:
• Coding and conversion of Application layer data to ensure that data from the source device can be interpreted by the appropriate application on the destination device.
• Compression of the data in a manner that can be decompressed by the destination device.
• Encryption of the data for transmission and the decryption of data upon receipt by the destination.
Presentation layer implementations are not typically associated with a particular protocol stack. The standards for video and graphics are examples. Some well-known standards for video include QuickTime and Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG). QuickTime is an Apple Computer specification for video and audio, and MPEG is a standard for video compression and coding. Among the well-known graphic image formats are Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF). GIF and JPEG are compression and coding standards for graphic images, and TIFF is a standard coding format for graphic images.
The Session Layer
As the name of the Session layer implies, functions at this layer create and maintain dialogs between source and destination applications. The Session layer handles the exchange of information to initiate dialogs, keep them active, and to restart sessions that are disrupted or idle for a long period of time. Most applications, like web browsers or e-mail clients, incorporate functionality of the OSI layers 5, 6 and 7.
The most widely-known TCP/IP Application layer ISO OSI protocols are those that provide for the exchange of user information. These protocols specify the format and control information necessary for many of the common Internet communication functions. Among these TCP/IP protocols are:
• Domain Name Service Protocol (DNS) is used to resolve Internet names to IP addresses.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to transfer files that make up the Web pages of the World Wide Web.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used for the transfer of mail messages and attachments.
• Telnet, a terminal emulation protocol, is used to provide remote access to servers and networking devices.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for interactive file transfer between systems.
The protocols in the TCP/IP suite are generally defined by Requests for Comments (RFCs). The Internet Engineering Task Force maintains the RFCs as the standards for the TCP/IP suite.
Application Layer ISO OSI Software
The functions associated with the Application layer protocols enable our human network to interface with the underlying data network. When we open a web browser or an instant message window, an application is started, and the program is put into the device's memory where it is executed. Each executing program loaded on a device is referred to as a process. Within the Application layer, there are two forms of software programs or processes that provide access to the network: applications and services.
Network-Aware Applications
Applications are the software programs used by people to communicate over the network. Some end-user applications are network-aware, meaning that they implement the application layer protocols and are able to communicate directly with the lower layers of the protocol stack. E-mail clients and web browsers are examples of these types of applications.
Application layer Services
Other programs may need the assistance of Application layer services to use network resources, like file transfer or network print spooling. Though transparent to the user, these services are the programs that interface with the network and prepare the data for transfer. Different types of data - whether it is text, graphics, or video - require different network services to ensure that it is properly prepared for processing by the functions occurring at the lower layers of OSI model. Each application or network service uses protocols which define the standards and data formats to be used. Without protocols, the data network would not have a common way to format and direct data. In order to understand the function of various network services, it is necessary to become familiar with the underlying protocols that govern their operation.
User Applications, Services, and Application Layer Protocols
As mentioned previously, the Application layer uses protocols that are implemented within applications and services. While applications provide people with a way to create messages and application layer services establish an interface to the network, protocols provide the rules and formats that govern how data is treated. All three components may be used by a single executable program and may even use the same name. For example, when discussing "Telnet" we could be referring to the application, the service, or the protocol. In the OSI model, applications that interact directly with people are considered to be at the top of the stack, as are the people themselves. Like all layers within the OSI model, the Application layer relies on the functions of the lower layers in order to complete the communication process. Within the Application layer, protocols specify what messages are exchanged between the source and destination hosts, the syntax of the control commands, the type and format of the data being transmitted, and the appropriate methods for error notification and recovery.
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Application layer ISO OSI protocols are used by both the source and destination devices during a communication session. In order for the communications to be successful, the application layer protocols implemented on the source and destination host must match. Protocols establish consistent rules for exchanging data between applications and services loaded on the participating devices. Protocols specify how data inside the messages is structured and the types of messages that are sent between source and destination. These messages can be requests for services, acknowledgments, data messages, status messages, or error messages. Protocols also define message dialogues, ensuring that a message being sent is met by the expected response and the correct services are invoked when data transfer occurs. Many different types of applications communicate across data networks. Therefore, Application layer services must implement multiple protocols to provide the desired range of communication experiences. Each protocol has a specific purpose and contains the characteristics required to meet that purpose. The right protocol details in each layer must be followed so that the functions at one layer interface properly with the services in the lower layer. Applications and services may also use multiple protocols in the course of a single conversation. One protocol may specify how to establish the network connection and another describe the process for the data transfer when the message is passed to the next lower layer.
Application Layer - Making Provisions for Applications and Services
The Client-Server Model
When people attempt to access information on their device, whether it is a PC, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or some other device connected to a network, the data may not be physically stored on their device. If that is the case, a request to access that information must be made to the device where the data resides.
The
Application Layer ISO OSI Functionality and Protocols
Application Layer and Applications - The Interface Between the Networks
OSI and TCP/IP Model
The Open Systems Interconnection reference model is a layered, abstract representation created as a guideline for network protocol design. The OSI model divides the networking process into seven logical layers, each of which has unique functionality and to which are assigned specific services and protocols. In this model, information is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the Application layer ISO OSI on the transmitting host, proceeding down the hierarchy to the Physical layer, then passing over the communications c
Application Layer ISO OSI Functionality and Protocols
Application Layer and Applications - The Interface Between the Networks
OSI and TCP/IP Model
The Open Systems Interconnection reference model is a layered, abstract representation created as a guideline for network protocol design. The OSI model divides the networking process into seven logical layers, each of which has unique functionality and to which are assigned specific services and protocols. In this model, information is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the Application layer ISO OSI on the transmitting host, proceeding down the hierarchy to the Physical layer, then passing over the communications channel to the destination host, where the information proceeds back up the hierarchy, ending at the Application layer. The figure depicts the steps in this process. The Application layer ISO OSI, Layer seven, is the top layer of both the OSI and TCP/IP models. It is the layer that provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. Application layer protocols are used to exchange data between programs running on the source and destination hosts. There are many Application layer protocols and new protocols are always being developed.
Although the TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the definition of the OSI model, the functionality of the TCP/IP application layer protocols fit roughly into the framework of the top three layers of the OSI model: Application, Presentation and Session layers. Most TCP/IP application layer protocols were developed before the emergence of personal computers, graphical user interfaces and multimedia objects. As a result, these protocols implement very little of the functionality that is specified in the OSI model Presentation and Session layers.
The Presentation Layer
The Presentation layer has three primary functions:
• Coding and conversion of Application layer data to ensure that data from the source device can be interpreted by the appropriate application on the destination device.
• Compression of the data in a manner that can be decompressed by the destination device.
• Encryption of the data for transmission and the decryption of data upon receipt by the destination.
Presentation layer implementations are not typically associated with a particular protocol stack. The standards for video and graphics are examples. Some well-known standards for video include QuickTime and Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG). QuickTime is an Apple Computer specification for video and audio, and MPEG is a standard for video compression and coding. Among the well-known graphic image formats are Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF). GIF and JPEG are compression and coding standards for graphic images, and TIFF is a standard coding format for graphic images.
The Session Layer
As the name of the Session layer implies, functions at this layer create and maintain dialogs between source and destination applications. The Session layer handles the exchange of information to initiate dialogs, keep them active, and to restart sessions that are disrupted or idle for a long period of time. Most applications, like web browsers or e-mail clients, incorporate functionality of the OSI layers 5, 6 and 7.
The most widely-known TCP/IP Application layer ISO OSI protocols are those that provide for the exchange of user information. These protocols specify the format and control information necessary for many of the common Internet communication functions. Among these TCP/IP protocols are:
• Domain Name Service Protocol (DNS) is used to resolve Internet names to IP addresses.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to transfer files that make up the Web pages of the World Wide Web.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used for the transfer of mail messages and attachments.
• Telnet, a terminal emulation protocol, is used to provide remote access to servers and networking devices.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for interactive file transfer between systems.
The protocols in the TCP/IP suite are generally defined by Requests for Comments (RFCs). The Internet Engineering Task Force maintains the RFCs as the standards for the TCP/IP suite.
Application Layer ISO OSI Software
The functions associated with the Application layer protocols enable our human network to interface with the underlying data network. When we open a web browser or an instant message window, an application is started, and the program is put into the device's memory where it is executed. Each executing program loaded on a device is referred to as a process. Within the Application layer, there are two forms of software programs or processes that provide access to the network: applications and services.
Network-Aware Applications
Applications are the software programs used by people to communicate over the network. Some end-user applications are network-aware, meaning that they implement the application layer protocols and are able to communicate directly with the lower layers of the protocol stack. E-mail clients and web browsers are examples of these types of applications.
Application layer Services
Other programs may need the assistance of Application layer services to use network resources, like file transfer or network print spooling. Though transparent to the user, these services are the programs that interface with the network and prepare the data for transfer. Different types of data - whether it is text, graphics, or video - require different network services to ensure that it is properly prepared for processing by the functions occurring at the lower layers of OSI model. Each application or network service uses protocols which define the standards and data formats to be used. Without protocols, the data network would not have a common way to format and direct data. In order to understand the function of various network services, it is necessary to become familiar with the underlying protocols that govern their operation.
User Applications, Services, and Application Layer Protocols
As mentioned previously, the Application layer uses protocols that are implemented within applications and services. While applications provide people with a way to create messages and application layer services establish an interface to the network, protocols provide the rules and formats that govern how data is treated. All three components may be used by a single executable program and may even use the same name. For example, when discussing "Telnet" we could be referring to the application, the service, or the protocol. In the OSI model, applications that interact directly with people are considered to be at the top of the stack, as are the people themselves. Like all layers within the OSI model, the Application layer relies on the functions of the lower layers in order to complete the communication process. Within the Application layer, protocols specify what messages are exchanged between the source and destination hosts, the syntax of the control commands, the type and format of the data being transmitted, and the appropriate methods for error notification and recovery.
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Application layer ISO OSI protocols are used by both the source and destination devices during a communication session. In order for the communications to be successful, the application layer protocols implemented on the source and destination host must match. Protocols establish consistent rules for exchanging data between applications and services loaded on the participating devices. Protocols specify how data inside the messages is structured and the types of messages that are sent between source and destination. These messages can be requests for services, acknowledgments, data messages, status messages, or error messages. Protocols also define message dialogues, ensuring that a message being sent is met by the expected response and the correct services are invoked when data transfer occurs. Many different types of applications communicate across data networks. Therefore, Application layer services must implement multiple protocols to provide the desired range of communication experiences. Each protocol has a specific purpose and contains the characteristics required to meet that purpose. The right protocol details in each layer must be followed so that the functions at one layer interface properly with the services in the lower layer. Applications and services may also use multiple protocols in the course of a single conversation. One protocol may specify how to establish the network connection and another describe the process for the data transfer when the message is passed to the next lower layer.
Application Layer - Making Provisions for Applications and Services
The Client-Server Model
When people attempt to access information on their device, whether it is a PC, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or some other device connected to a network, the data may not be physically stored on their device. If that is the case, a request to access that information must be made to the device where the data resides.
The
Application Layer ISO OSI Functionality and Protocols
Application Layer and Applications - The Interface Between the Networks
OSI and TCP/IP Model
The Open Systems Interconnection reference model is a layered, abstract representation created as a guideline for network protocol design. The OSI model divides the networking process into seven logical layers, each of which has unique functionality and to which are assigned specific services and protocols. In this model, information is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the Application layer ISO OSI on the transmitting host, proceeding down the hierarchy to the Physical layer, then passing over the communications c
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
