Cultural differences also exist in self-disclosure. Members of individualistic cultures tend to self-disclose more in intimate topics more in intimate topics than members of collectivistic cultures(Ting-Toomey, 1991) and they use open com- munication systems in relationships. For instance, the Japanese are more subtle and discrete in managing relationships than Americans or French, as they put emphasis on group harmony and cohesion Ting-Toomey, 1991).