antibioticproducersIn enterococci the gene cassette vanRSHAXY is responsible forthe reprogramming of the peptidoglycan precursor biosynthesiswhich results in resistant cell wall precursors terminating withd-Ala–d-Lac rather than with d-Ala–d-Ala. Close homologues ofVanH, VanA, VanX and VanY have been detected in glycopeptide-resistant actinomycetes which produce glycopeptides. The genesencoding these resistance elements are not necessarily part of therespective glycopeptide biosynthetic gene clusters as it was shownfor many antibiotics producers where the resistance genes areco-located and regulated together with the biosynthetic compo-nents.