Another clear pattern in Table 2 is the significantly negative relation between the
measures of religiosity and the urbanization rate. The estimated coefficient of -1.5
(s.e.=0.3) for monthly church attendance in column 1 means that an increase in the
urbanization rate by 0.15 (its sample standard de
viation) is associated with lower monthly
attendance by about 5 percentage points. Similar patterns apply to the beliefs in heaven
and hell.