Each set of authors laments the struggle to define instructional leadership. Hallinger and Murphy (1985) observe that virtually no studies uncover what principals do to influence curriculum and instruction (p. 217). Blase and Blase (1999) offer a more comprehensive overview of instructional leadership by using literature from curriculum and supervision rather than the traditional educational administration literature. In a nearly verbatim echo of Hallinger and Murphy's (1985) remarks, Bryk, Caraburn, and Louis (1999) decry the lack of clarity as to what principals may do to promote student learning (p. 757). Leithwood, Steinbach, and Jantzi (2002) simultaneously presume that school leaders could play influential roles in the accountability press for higher student achievement and then investigate whether either teachers or their leaders agree. The essential research question surrounding instructional leadership remains the same: What do school leaders do that enhances teaching and increases student learning?