low additionality, particularly if in allocating land for protection
landholders favour those areas that are not useful for production.
In addition to the specific details of each of the three conser-
vation programs, two broad points arise fromthis analysis thatmay
shed further light on how landholders select land for formal
conservation. The first point draws attention to two distinct posi-
tions that landholders demonstrate regarding biodiversity conser-
vation on their property: the multifunctional and uni-functional
landscape ethos. The multifunctional landscape ethos was held by
production respondents in the Desert Uplands and Nature Refuge
programs who believed they could deliver both production and
biodiversity outcomes from their farm management practices.
These respondents did not separate biodiversity conservation from
other land management practices and can find such a distinction
meaningless (Vanclay, 2004). Yet, these respondents largely dis-
cussed their property as a production landscape, which may bias
the composition and extent of biodiversity outcomes generated on
these properties. For example, biodiversity outcomes, such as the
proliferation of native grasses, may only be valued by these
respondents insofar as they contribute to production outcomes.
Moreover, respondents alignedwith this position tended to bias the
formal conservation of biodiversity on their property towards
unproductive and inaccessible landscapes, which suggests that
although the landscape may be viewed as multifunctional,
production outcomes tended to be favoured over conservation
outcomes.