From a different perspective, Goel (2010) studies the value of utilizing RFID technology and visibility over shipments throughout a
multimodal transportation network of road and fixed-scheduled rail, with variable transit times. In this network, there are two decision makers: a transport manager responsible for planning the shipments, and a terminal operator responsible for dealing with unforeseen deviations. If the manager does not see the deviations in time and adjust accordingly, the terminal operator must then decide upon the shipment flows. Goel (2010) analyzes four levels of visibility, namely, no visibility, daily snapshot, departure/arrival, and checkpoint.