iological refugia have commonly been associated with mild, tropical regions of the world, typically with high productivity and diversity. Where there was no permanent continental ice sheet, however, cold-loving animals and plants could persist through glacial cycles, and thereby forming relictual distributions in high latitudes (Parducci et al., 2012). The Tibetan Plateau probably had served as a refugium as well and its unique cold-loving fauna is likely to have survived multiple climatic cycles during the Ice Age within the plateau (Fig. 14). Currently there are precious little Pleistocene fossil records and much remains to be learned about the Plateau megafauna during the Ice Age.