The universal recognition ofseveral facial expressions of emotion has been
documented in both literate (Ekman, 1972; Izard, 1971) and preliterate
(Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Ekman, Sorenson, & Friesen, 1969) cultures and
replicated a number of times (e.g., see Boucher & Carlson, 1980). Typically
in these studies, judges from at least two different cultures viewed the faces
on slides or photos and described the emotion portrayed by selecting an
appropriate emotion term from a list of alternatives. Universal recognition
was usualy demonstrated by two criteria: first, that the percentage of judges
selecting the intended emotion term was significantly greater than chance;
and second, that the percentage was greater than an arbitrary level, usually
70%, across all cultures. Most of the previous studies met both requirements,
establishing the pan cultural basis of the emotions.
The universal recognition ofseveral facial expressions of emotion has been
documented in both literate (Ekman, 1972; Izard, 1971) and preliterate
(Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Ekman, Sorenson, & Friesen, 1969) cultures and
replicated a number of times (e.g., see Boucher & Carlson, 1980). Typically
in these studies, judges from at least two different cultures viewed the faces
on slides or photos and described the emotion portrayed by selecting an
appropriate emotion term from a list of alternatives. Universal recognition
was usualy demonstrated by two criteria: first, that the percentage of judges
selecting the intended emotion term was significantly greater than chance;
and second, that the percentage was greater than an arbitrary level, usually
70%, across all cultures. Most of the previous studies met both requirements,
establishing the pan cultural basis of the emotions.
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