Limitations
This study used prospective longitudinal data to examine
the family influences on the risk of daily smoking initiation
from age 13 to age 21. Daily smoking data were from
self-reports. The sample was drawn from schools serving
high-crime neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington. Thus,
sample members tended to be from lower income families
and were more ethnically diverse than would be expected
from a representative national sample. Research is needed to
replicate these findings in other samples. In addition, although
we examined the relative contribution of family
smoking, family processes, and parental attitudes and norms
in predicting daily smoking initiation, the mediational relationships
among these domains of family factors remain to
be fully studied. Finally, parent smoking and attitudes about
smoking were not available through age 18, and were included
in the model at age 12. Although there is a high
degree of stability in parent smoking (annual stability coefficient
of .85), additional power may have been obtained
by including these as time-varying predictors. Nonetheless,
it is important to note that parental smoking at age 12 child) itself continues to predict onset of smoking throughout
adolescence.
LimitationsThis study used prospective longitudinal data to examinethe family influences on the risk of daily smoking initiationfrom age 13 to age 21. Daily smoking data were fromself-reports. The sample was drawn from schools servinghigh-crime neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington. Thus,sample members tended to be from lower income familiesand were more ethnically diverse than would be expectedfrom a representative national sample. Research is needed toreplicate these findings in other samples. In addition, althoughwe examined the relative contribution of familysmoking, family processes, and parental attitudes and normsin predicting daily smoking initiation, the mediational relationshipsamong these domains of family factors remain tobe fully studied. Finally, parent smoking and attitudes aboutsmoking were not available through age 18, and were includedin the model at age 12. Although there is a highdegree of stability in parent smoking (annual stability coefficientof .85), additional power may have been obtainedby including these as time-varying predictors. Nonetheless,it is important to note that parental smoking at age 12 child) itself continues to predict onset of smoking throughoutadolescence.
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