The study conducted by Bais et al. (2002) highlight the strong antifungal and antibacterial activity of rosmarinic acid (RA), the main component of the examined extract. Its activity results in physical damage to the hyphae surface of A. niger, disintegration of the cell wall cytoskeleton and penetration of mycelium hyphae, which causes clumping of hyphae. It was suggested in the study that the antibacterial activity of RA acts at the genetic level rather than merely affecting the cell wall or ion gradients due to plasmolysis.