A significant difference in healthpromoting behaviors was present between both groups of students, with traditional students participating in more healthpromoting behaviors. In addition, a significant difference existed between the BHPA scale scores of traditional and nontraditional nursing students, with nontraditional students reporting more perceived barriers to healthpromoting behaviors than traditional students. These results provide evidence for the utility of the health promotion model to examine the determinants of health-promoting behavior among traditional and nontraditional nursing
students. Theory concepts and propositions have allowed for the exploration of personal
factors as well as perceived barriers to action that may directly influence health-promoting behavior among nursing students.