Measures
Ethical leadership was measured with ten items from the Ethical Leadership
Questionnaire (ELQ) developed by Yukl et al. (2012). The ELQ items capture different
aspects of ethical leadership and contain both traits and behaviors including honesty,
integrity, accountability, consistency of actions with values, and providing ethical
guidance. All of the ELQ items have a six-point Likert-style response format
(1 ¼ strongly disagree, 6 ¼ strongly agree). Sample items included:
. “Holds members accountable for using ethical practices in their work”;
. “Communicates clear ethical standards for members”; and
. “Insists on doing what is fair and ethical even when it is not easy”.