Introduction
Predator inspection behavior entails the breaking away of a small group of
individuals from a shoal to investigate potential predators at close range and
presumably to determine, among other things, if a predator is satiated or hunting
(Pitcher et al. 1986; Magurran & Higham 1988). In guppies (Poecilia reticulata),
predator inspection is a social phenomenon insofar as two or more guppies often
participate in the inspection bout. In addition, guppies that have participated in
an inspection bout prefer to associate with more cooperative co-inspectors, that is,
those that approach the predator more closely (Dugatkin & Alfieri 1991).
However, inspection is a perilous behavior, as there is a 50% risk of predation
associated with close-range predator inspection for the lead fish, and this risk
increases as the distance separating them from fellow inspectors increases
(Milinski et al. 1997). In fact, this asymmetry in predation risk, combined with the
cooperation necessary to successfully inspect and the costs inherent in inspection
behavior, means that predator inspection fits all of the inequalities required to be
modeled as a prisoner’s dilemma (Milinski et al. 1997). Thus, it might benefit an
individual to assess the cooperative nature of other individuals in the group prior
to accruing the potential costs of inspecting with these individuals.
Introduction
Predator inspection behavior entails the breaking away of a small group of
individuals from a shoal to investigate potential predators at close range and
presumably to determine, among other things, if a predator is satiated or hunting
(Pitcher et al. 1986; Magurran & Higham 1988). In guppies (Poecilia reticulata),
predator inspection is a social phenomenon insofar as two or more guppies often
participate in the inspection bout. In addition, guppies that have participated in
an inspection bout prefer to associate with more cooperative co-inspectors, that is,
those that approach the predator more closely (Dugatkin & Alfieri 1991).
However, inspection is a perilous behavior, as there is a 50% risk of predation
associated with close-range predator inspection for the lead fish, and this risk
increases as the distance separating them from fellow inspectors increases
(Milinski et al. 1997). In fact, this asymmetry in predation risk, combined with the
cooperation necessary to successfully inspect and the costs inherent in inspection
behavior, means that predator inspection fits all of the inequalities required to be
modeled as a prisoner’s dilemma (Milinski et al. 1997). Thus, it might benefit an
individual to assess the cooperative nature of other individuals in the group prior
to accruing the potential costs of inspecting with these individuals.
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