• the holder of the post supplies individuals or persons of a particular race with personal services promoting their welfare, education, etc. In Lambeth LBC v CRE (1990) and Tottenham Green Under-Fives Centre v Marshall (No 2) (1991), it was held that the personal service must require direct contact between the provider of the service and the client if the genuine occupational qualification is to apply;
• a post which involves working abroad in a country whose laws and customs are such that the job can only be done by a man;
• the job is one of two, held by a married couple.
In addition, there are exemptions for acts done to safeguard national security and there is special protection for women during pregnancy and childbirth. However, the Employment Act 1989 allows an employer to treat a woman differently on grounds of health and safety where there was a statutory requirement in existence prior to the SDA 1975 which was for the protection of women in relation to pregnancy, maternity or other risks which are specially associated with women.