I refer to the terrible phenomenon of excess mortality and artificially lower survival rates of women in many parts of the world. This is a crude and sharply visible aspect of gender inequality, which often manifests itself in more subtle and less gruesome forms. But despite its crudeness, the artificially higher female mortality rates reflect a very important capability deprivation of women
the ratio of women to men exceeds 1.05. The situation is quite different in many countries in the third world, especially in Asia and North Africa.The significance of differences is of interest in analyzing female-male inequalities across the world. Figure 4.2 presents this comparative information.
In fact, more boys than girls are born everywhere (typically about 5 percent more). But there is much evidence that women are "hardier" than men and, given symmetrical care, survive better
The low female-male ratios in countries in Asia and North Africa indicate the influence of social factors. It is easily calculated that if these countries had the female-male ratio obtains in Europe that and the United States, there would have been millions more women in these countries .In China alone the number of "missing women," calculated on the basis of the Euro- pean or American ratio, would be more than 50 million, and on that basis, for these countries taken together, many more than roo million women may be seen as "missing."
A lower ratio would be expected in Asia or North Africa partly because of the lower general life expectancy and higher fertility rate. One way of dealing with this issue is to take as the basis of comparison not the female-male ratio in Europe or America, but that i sub-Saharan Africa, where there is little female disadvantage in terms of relative mortality rates, but where life expectancy is no higher and fertility rates are no lower
this problem is to calculate what the expected number of females would be had there been no female disadvantage in survival, given the actual life expectancy and the actual fertility rates in these respective counteies. It is not easy to calculate these countries. that directly, but illuminating estimates have been made by Ansley Coale, through using model population tables based on the historical experience of "Western" countries. While these are lower numbers, they too are fiercely large. More recent estimates, based on the use of more scrutinized historical data, have tended to yield rather larger numbers of missing women
Why are overall mortality rates for females higher than for males in these countries? The main culprit would the comparative neglect of female health and nutrition, especially but not exclusively-during childhood. There is indeed considerable direct evidence that female children are neglected in terms of health are, hospitalization and even feeding.
Even though the Indian case has been studied more extensively than others, similar evidence of relative neglect of the health and nutrition of female children can be found in the other countries as well. since the compulsory family restrictions , a radical increase in the reported ratio of male births to female births.the brunt of the antifemale bias in family composition seems to be in sex-selective a which has become quite widespread in China with the progress of technology
I refer to the terrible phenomenon of excess mortality and artificially lower survival rates of women in many parts of the world. This is a crude and sharply visible aspect of gender inequality, which often manifests itself in more subtle and less gruesome forms. But despite its crudeness, the artificially higher female mortality rates reflect a very important capability deprivation of women
the ratio of women to men exceeds 1.05. The situation is quite different in many countries in the third world, especially in Asia and North Africa.The significance of differences is of interest in analyzing female-male inequalities across the world. Figure 4.2 presents this comparative information.
In fact, more boys than girls are born everywhere (typically about 5 percent more). But there is much evidence that women are "hardier" than men and, given symmetrical care, survive better
The low female-male ratios in countries in Asia and North Africa indicate the influence of social factors. It is easily calculated that if these countries had the female-male ratio obtains in Europe that and the United States, there would have been millions more women in these countries .In China alone the number of "missing women," calculated on the basis of the Euro- pean or American ratio, would be more than 50 million, and on that basis, for these countries taken together, many more than roo million women may be seen as "missing."
A lower ratio would be expected in Asia or North Africa partly because of the lower general life expectancy and higher fertility rate. One way of dealing with this issue is to take as the basis of comparison not the female-male ratio in Europe or America, but that i sub-Saharan Africa, where there is little female disadvantage in terms of relative mortality rates, but where life expectancy is no higher and fertility rates are no lower
this problem is to calculate what the expected number of females would be had there been no female disadvantage in survival, given the actual life expectancy and the actual fertility rates in these respective counteies. It is not easy to calculate these countries. that directly, but illuminating estimates have been made by Ansley Coale, through using model population tables based on the historical experience of "Western" countries. While these are lower numbers, they too are fiercely large. More recent estimates, based on the use of more scrutinized historical data, have tended to yield rather larger numbers of missing women
Why are overall mortality rates for females higher than for males in these countries? The main culprit would the comparative neglect of female health and nutrition, especially but not exclusively-during childhood. There is indeed considerable direct evidence that female children are neglected in terms of health are, hospitalization and even feeding.
Even though the Indian case has been studied more extensively than others, similar evidence of relative neglect of the health and nutrition of female children can be found in the other countries as well. since the compulsory family restrictions , a radical increase in the reported ratio of male births to female births.the brunt of the antifemale bias in family composition seems to be in sex-selective a which has become quite widespread in China with the progress of technology
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